Ankara, Turkey’s capital, is a city rich in history and modernity, seamlessly blending the past with contemporary design.
Known for its unique architectural landscape, Ankara offers an impressive variety of buildings that reflect its cultural and historical importance.
What makes Ankara’s architecture stand out are the masterpieces that showcase both the legacy of the Republic era and modern innovations. These structures not only represent architectural excellence but also serve as landmarks that highlight the city’s dynamic growth and development.
1. Atatürk Mausoleum
The Atatürk Mausoleum, also known as Anıtkabir, is a significant landmark in Ankara. It serves as the final resting place of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first president of the Turkish Republic.
Designed by architects Emin Onat and Orhan Arda, the structure was built between 1944 and 1953.
It combines elements of Seljuk and Ottoman designs, symbolizing Turkey’s blend of historical and modern eras. The mausoleum is situated in the Çankaya district, offering a panoramic view of the city from its hilltop location.
Anıtkabir is a popular tourist destination and a site of national importance. It is well worth visiting to understand the legacy of Atatürk and to experience one of the finest examples of modern Turkish architecture. More information can be found here and here.
2. Kocatepe Mosque
Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in Ankara, Turkey. Located in the Kocatepe quarter in Kızılay, it is a notable landmark visible from many points in the city.
Construction began in 1967 and was completed in 1987.
The mosque covers an area of 4,500 square meters. It has four minarets, each standing 88 meters high. Inside, Kocatepe Mosque features a large dome, ornate chandeliers, and beautiful tile work.
Visitors can explore its library, conference hall, and administrative offices. The mosque also has car parks for convenience. It is open to visitors from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm daily.
Kocatepe Mosque is easily accessible by public transport. The nearest metro station is in close proximity, making it an easy destination for both locals and tourists.
Learn more about Kocatepe Mosque here.
3. Haci Bayram Mosque
Haci Bayram Mosque is a well-known historical and religious site in Ankara.
Built during the Ottoman Empire, it is named after the Turkish Sufi and poet, Haci Bayram-ı Veli. The mosque was named in his honor due to his significant contributions to Turkish literature and Sufism.
Located in the heart of Ankara, the mosque features large domes, intricate tile work, and ornate minarets. Arabic calligraphy adorns its walls, showcasing the artistic craftsmanship of the period. Visitors often marvel at its architectural beauty.
The mosque is a popular destination for both locals and tourists. It attracts people seeking spiritual experiences as well as history enthusiasts.
Near the mosque, visitors can also find the tomb of Haci Bayram-ı Veli, adding to the site’s historical significance. The surrounding area has been developed to accommodate visitors, enhancing the overall experience.
4. Ankara Castle
Ankara Castle is a historic fortification located in the heart of Ankara. Constructed in or after the 7th century, it has seen the rise and fall of various empires.
The earliest structure on this site was built by the Phrygians in the 8th century BC. It was later reconstructed by the Galatians in 278 BC.
Today, visitors can explore the castle’s walls and towers. The view from the top offers a panoramic scene of Ankara, making it a popular spot for tourists.
The castle also houses several museums and small shops. These additions provide a chance to experience both history and local culture.
Ankara Castle stands as a testament to the rich past of the city. To learn more about its storied history, visit Ankara Castle.
5. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations
The Museum of Anatolian Civilizations is a standout landmark in Ankara. Housed in two restored Ottoman-era buildings, it showcases artifacts from various periods of Anatolian history. You can find relics from the Paleolithic Age to the Classical Periods.
Located near Ankara Castle in the Atpazarı district, the museum’s setting adds to its charm. The Mahmutpaşa Covered Bazaar and the Kurşunlu Han buildings provide a historical backdrop.
Atatürk envisioned a museum dedicated to Hittite artifacts, leading to the establishment of this museum.
Renovated in 2014, it includes virtual tours and animations.
Visitors can explore 11 different sections, each offering information in Turkish and English. It’s an informative experience for those interested in ancient civilizations.
Admission is 280₺ as of August 2023, making it an accessible cultural destination. Learn more.
6. War of Independence Museum
The War of Independence Museum is located in the Ulus district of Ankara. It is housed in the first Turkish Grand National Assembly building.
This historic building showcases key moments and artifacts from the Turkish War of Independence.
Designed by architect Salim Bey in 1915, the structure features traditional Turkish architectural elements. The use of Ankara stone adds a distinctive character to the two-story building.
Visitors can view important photographs, documents, and furniture from the era. These exhibits provide a glimpse into Turkey’s struggle for independence. The museum’s exhibits are both educational and inspiring.
For more information, visit the War of Independence Museum.
7. State Art and Sculpture Museum
The State Art and Sculpture Museum in Ankara is a prominent site for Turkish art. Located near the Ethnography Museum, it opened in 1980 and showcases art from the late Ottoman period to the present day.
The museum is housed in a building designed in the First National Architectural Movement style.
Visitors can explore a diverse collection of paintings and sculptures.
Founded on the directive of Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the museum plays a significant role in preserving Turkey’s artistic heritage.
Access to this cultural landmark is free, making it a must-visit for those exploring Ankara.
For more details, visit the State Art and Sculpture Museum.
8. CerModern
CerModern is a cultural hub located in Ankara, Turkey. It was converted from an old railroad maintenance building, blending industrial architecture with modern design.
Today, CerModern hosts various art exhibitions, workshops, and cultural events.
The building’s minimalist style and spacious galleries make it a popular destination for art enthusiasts.
Visitors often praise its unique atmosphere and diverse range of events. It stands out among other architectural buildings in Ankara for its historical significance and contemporary relevance.
9. Hacettepe University Beytepe Campus
Hacettepe University Beytepe Campus is located on the outskirts of Ankara. The campus features many modern facilities, but one standout is the Museum and Center for Biodiversity.
Designed by Erkal Architects, this building opened in 2018.
The Museum and Center for Biodiversity houses scientific research facilities and exhibition spaces. It aims to educate visitors on the diverse biological life found in Turkey.
The building’s design features sleek, modern lines that blend well with the natural surroundings.
Situated along the main development axis of Ankara, the Beytepe Campus is strategically placed. This location makes it easily accessible and a significant part of Ankara’s educational and cultural landscape.
The architecture harmonizes both academic and public interests, making it a notable destination in the city.
10. Ethnography Museum
The Ethnography Museum of Ankara was the first museum built after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. Located in the Altındağ district, it was designed by the architect Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu and constructed between 1925 and 1928.
The museum hosts a variety of artifacts related to the cultures of Turkic civilizations.
These exhibits include traditional costumes, textiles, and everyday tools which provide a deep insight into the region’s history and culture.
The museum building itself is an architectural gem. It combines elements from various historical periods, making it a significant representation of early 20th-century Turkish architecture.
Namazgah Hill, where the museum stands, was previously a site for Friday prayers during the Turkish War of Independence. This adds another layer of historical importance to the location.
Architectural Evolution in Ankara
Ankara’s architectural journey reflects its rich history and the influence of modernist movements. From ancient ruins to contemporary designs, the city’s structures tell a story of transformation and innovation.
Historical Context
Ankara’s architectural heritage dates back thousands of years.
Known as Ancyra in ancient times, the city was a significant center during the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman periods.
The Temple of Augustus and Rome is one of the prominent ancient structures. This temple stands as a testament to Roman architecture in the city.
Another significant site is the Ankara Castle, located in Altındağ and dating back to the 7th century. The earliest parts of the castle were constructed by the Phrygians in the 8th century BC.
The Ottomans left a lasting mark with their elegant mosques and public buildings.
Structures like Hacı Bayram Mosque showcase classic Ottoman architecture, emphasizing domes and intricate tile work.
These historical sites form the backbone of Ankara’s architectural narrative.
Modern Influences
During the 1930s to 1950s, Ankara experienced a significant shift towards modernism.
This period saw the rise of new architectural styles driven by the Republic’s vision for a modern capital. Foreign architects were commissioned to redesign the cityscape, incorporating modernist principles.
Notable buildings from this era include Ankara’s Ethnography Museum and Ankara Opera House. These structures reflect clean lines, functional design, and a departure from ornate historical styles.
The influence of modernism can also be seen in residential and commercial buildings across Ankara.
Architectural firms like ACE, known for their innovative design solutions, have contributed to the city’s evolving skyline.
This blend of historical depth and modern innovation makes Ankara’s architectural evolution unique.
Architectural Styles in Ankara
Ankara features a rich blend of architectural styles, ranging from the historic Ottoman period to the innovative designs of modern times. Each style reflects different periods, cultural influences, and the city’s growth.
Ottoman Architecture
Ottoman architecture in Ankara can be seen through landmarks such as the Haci Bayram Mosque, dating back to the 17th century.
This style emphasizes grand domes, slender minarets, and intricate tile work. Many buildings feature courtyards and lush gardens, offering a glimpse into historical Turkish life.
The use of natural materials like stone and wood is common, contributing to the elegant yet sturdy appearance of these structures.
The Haci Bayram Mosque is a prime example of this style, showcasing traditional Ottoman design elements.
Republican Era Buildings
During the 1930s to 1950s, Ankara saw a wave of construction influenced by the Modernist movement.
This period marked the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, aiming to reflect progress and modernity in its architecture.
Prominent examples include government buildings, educational institutions, and cultural centers.
These structures are characterized by clean lines, functional designs, and the use of concrete and glass.
The influence of foreign architects brought a unique blend of Western and Turkish elements into the design.
The Modernist buildings from this era are iconic representations of Ankara’s modernization efforts.
Contemporary Designs
Contemporary architecture in Ankara showcases innovative and bold designs that meet current needs while pushing artistic boundaries. These buildings often feature sustainable materials, cutting-edge technology, and designs that integrate with urban life.
Examples include residential complexes, commercial spaces, and public buildings that reflect a global architectural language.
The cityscape is continually evolving, with architects experimenting with forms, textures, and environmentally friendly practices.
Some of the top firms involved in these projects can be found listed on Rethinking the Future, highlighting Ankara’s importance in contemporary architecture.