Beirut, a city with a history spanning over 5,000 years, showcases a unique blend of ancient and modern architectural marvels.
Its buildings tell stories of diverse cultures that have influenced its landscape, from the Phoenicians and Romans to contemporary architects.
What are the best architectural buildings to visit in Beirut?
This guide intends to explore ten iconic structures that highlight the city’s rich architectural heritage.
Through these buildings, one can witness Beirut’s journey through time and its adaptation to modern architectural trends.
1. Eggishteh
Eggishteh is a unique example of modern architecture in Beirut.
Designed by Philippe Karam in 1965, this structure is located in downtown Beirut.
The building, also known as “the egg,” was initially intended to be a cinema.
Its design stands out for its brutalist style, characterized by its raw concrete form.
The oval shape of the building, resembling an egg, gives it a distinct appearance.
Unfortunately, the cinema never opened due to the outbreak of the civil war.
Today, it remains one of Beirut’s intriguing architectural landmarks, representing a piece of the city’s modern heritage.
For more details, visit Brutalist Beirut.
2. Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque
The Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque, also known as the Blue Mosque, is a stunning landmark in downtown Beirut.
It features a large blue dome reaching 48 meters high, inspired by Ottoman design.
The mosque was built between 2002 and 2007 by the late Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. He is buried beside the mosque.
Covering more than 10,000 square meters, the mosque can accommodate over 5,000 worshipers.
It includes elements of both Ottoman and Mamluk Egyptian architectural styles, making it a unique addition to Beirut’s skyline.
The mosque stands out not only for its size but also for its cultural and religious significance in Lebanon.
Visit the Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque to see its beautiful blue dome and rich architectural details.
3. Sursock Museum
The Sursock Museum, officially known as the Nicolas Ibrahim Sursock Museum, is a standout example of Lebanese architecture.
It integrates both Venetian and Ottoman elements, showcasing a blend of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern styles.
Built in 1912, this historic building was once the residence of Nicolas Sursock. It now serves as a cultural hub in the Rmeil district of Beirut.
The museum opened its doors to the public in 1961.
It quickly became a key venue for contemporary Lebanese art. Its location on Rue Sursock adds to its historic and cultural significance.
Expansions have modernized the museum without altering its architectural beauty.
New spaces were created 20 meters deep below the museum while preserving its original charm.
For more detailed information, you can visit the architecture section of the Sursock Museum’s website.
4. St. George Maronite Cathedral
St. George Maronite Cathedral stands in the heart of Beirut, symbolizing resilience and faith.
Built between 1884 and 1894, this cathedral features a Neoclassical facade inspired by Rome’s Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.
The cathedral was designed by Giuseppe Maggiore and constructed under Monsignor Youssef El-Debs, the Maronite Archbishop of Beirut.
The interior showcases Ionic columns and intricate gold decorations.
Located just a few hundred meters from the St. George Greek Orthodox Cathedral, it shares the same patron saint but differs in architectural style and history.
This close proximity highlights Beirut’s rich religious and cultural landscape.
Heavily damaged during Lebanon’s civil war, it has been restored, standing today as a symbol of the city’s enduring spirit.
Visitors can explore its historic interiors and reflect on its storied past.
5. Beirut Souks
Beirut Souks, designed by Rafael Moneo, is a bustling commercial area in Beirut.
It combines modern architectural elements with traditional Lebanese market styles.
The complex features over 200 shops, along with restaurants and entertainment venues. This makes it a key shopping destination in the city.
What’s notable about Beirut Souks is its layout and design.
The spaces are open and inviting, allowing for natural light and easy movement.
The integration of historical elements with contemporary design highlights Beirut’s rich cultural heritage. This provides visitors with a unique shopping experience.
For those interested in exploring more, check out a detailed guide on Beirut Architecture City Guide.
6. Roman Baths
The Roman Baths in Beirut are a prime example of ancient Roman architecture.
Located in the heart of the city, these baths were originally discovered in 1968-1969. They underwent significant renovation during the mid-1990s to preserve their historical value.
One of the most remarkable features is the hypocaust system.
This ancient heating method utilized stacked terracotta discs to distribute heat throughout the bathhouse.
Today, parts of the Roman Baths serve as a performance space. This practice continues the long-standing tradition of the site being a place for communal activities.
Visitors can gain a unique sense of the historical and cultural significance of the baths.
For more details, visit Roman Baths, Beirut – Wikipedia.
7. Raouche Rocks
Raouche Rocks, also known as Pigeon Rocks, are a natural landmark in Beirut.
These impressive rock formations stand tall along the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea.
Located in the Raouche neighborhood, this site attracts many tourists and locals. The area is lined with cafés and restaurants that offer stunning views.
The rocks were formed through a geological process in the prehistoric era. This historical significance adds to their charm.
Visitors can enjoy boat tours that navigate around the rocks.
It’s a favorite spot for taking photos and enjoying sunsets.
Raouche Rocks is not only a scenic spot but also part of Beirut’s cultural heritage. Many consider it a must-visit when exploring the city.
For more details, visit the Raouche Rocks guide.
8. Beit Beirut
Beit Beirut, also known as the Barakat House, is a significant landmark in Beirut.
Built in 1924, it was initially the home of Nicholas Barakat and his wife Victoria. The building has witnessed various historical events and transformations.
Designed by Youssef Aftimus, Beit Beirut showcases a mix of Ottoman and French architectural styles.
During the Lebanese Civil War, it transformed into a strategic sniper’s nest due to its central location.
Today, Beit Beirut serves as a museum and urban cultural center.
It honors the memories of the conflict while promoting cultural activities and exhibitions.
It stands as an important reminder of Beirut’s turbulent past and resilient spirit.
Learn more about Beit Beirut’s history and transformation at this Wikipedia page on Beit Beirut.
9. Nicolas Sursock Museum
The Nicolas Sursock Museum is an iconic building in Beirut.
Built in 1912, the museum originally served as the residence of the wealthy Lebanese aristocrat Nicolas Ibrahim Sursock.
The architecture blends Venetian and Ottoman elements, a style that was popular in Lebanon at the time.
Intricate hand-carved woodwork and an exquisite Salon Arabe greet visitors, preserving the historical ambiance.
In 1952, Sursock’s will stipulated that his villa be converted into a museum.
It officially opened in 1961 and quickly became a hub for contemporary Lebanese art.
Recent renovations have restored its grandeur, making it one of the most esteemed art institutions in Lebanon.
Learn more about the Nicolas Sursock Museum’s architecture and its rich history.
10. National Museum of Beirut
The National Museum of Beirut is a key landmark in Lebanon. It showcases the rich history and cultural heritage of the country.
Opened in 1942, the museum houses around 100,000 artifacts.
The collection includes items from prehistoric times to the Ottoman period. Visitors can see remarkable pieces like sarcophagi, mosaics, statues, and low reliefs.
Significant renovations took place after the Lebanese Civil War.
These repairs restored many of the museum’s exhibits and the building itself.
The museum now stands as a testament to Lebanon’s resilience and history.
The National Museum of Beirut offers a diverse look into ancient civilizations and is a crucial stop for anyone interested in archaeology.
It features a chronological display that helps visitors grasp the evolution of the region through the millennia.
Historical Significance
The architectural landscape of Beirut has been shaped by various periods, each contributing uniquely to the city’s character.
This section covers the Ottoman and French Mandate eras, as well as the period after the Lebanese Civil War.
Ottoman and French Mandate Period
During the Ottoman era, Beirut saw the construction of many landmark buildings.
The Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque, also known as the Blue Mosque, is a significant example of Ottoman architecture in downtown Beirut.
Its blue domes and intricate designs highlight Ottoman influence in the region.
The French Mandate period introduced European architectural styles to Beirut.
Buildings from this era feature Beaux-Arts and Art Deco styles.
These structures, adorned with ornamental facades and grand entrances, reflect the European influence that pervaded the city during the early 20th century.
The Hotel Saint Georges and Grand Serail are notable buildings from this period, showcasing an elegant blend of Eastern and Western architectural styles.
Post-War Reconstruction
Following the Lebanese Civil War, Beirut underwent extensive reconstruction.
This period saw the rise of modernist architecture, characterized by minimalist designs and functional aesthetics.
These new buildings were essential in revitalizing Beirut’s damaged infrastructure.
One of the most notable projects was the Beirut Souks, a retail space integrating new buildings with restored historic structures.
The Tabbal Building, also known as Beit Kanz, became a cultural hub that celebrated Lebanon’s craftsmanship and culinary art.
Modernist landmarks like the ones captured in Matthieu Salvaing’s work highlight the city’s determination to rebuild and move forward while retaining its unique heritage.
Architectural Styles in Beirut
Beirut is a city where old and new architectural styles blend seamlessly.
Modernist influences meet traditional Lebanese architecture, creating a diverse and vibrant urban landscape.
Modernist Influences
Modernist architecture in Beirut showcases clean lines, functional design, and innovative use of materials.
Notable examples include Beirut Terraces by Herzog & de Meuron, designed to respect the city’s past while looking towards the future.
These buildings often feature glass, steel, and concrete, emphasizing simplicity and openness.
Many modern structures are mixed-use, combining residential, commercial, and public spaces.
Architects like Nathalie Habr and Halim Khoriaty from Atelier 130 focus on functionality and sustainability, inspired by Beirut’s multicultural environment.
Traditional Lebanese Architecture
Traditional Lebanese architecture reflects the country’s rich history.
Features often include red-tiled roofs, triple-arched windows, and stone walls.
These elements make the buildings recognizable and preserve Lebanese cultural identity.
Mamluk architecture, marked by intricate designs, large domes, and stunning stonework, is a key component.
Buildings like the Sursock Museum are prime examples. This style incorporates both Mediterranean and Ottoman elements, creating a unique architectural blend.
The preservation of traditional architecture is crucial, adding character and history to the cityscape while balancing contemporary developments.
Prominent Architects
Beirut boasts some of the finest examples of modern and contemporary architecture, thanks to the contributions of visionary architects.
Among the notable names shaping the city’s skyline are Bernard Khoury and Youssef Tohme.
Bernard Khoury
Bernard Khoury is a prominent Lebanese architect whose work has left a significant mark on Beirut’s architectural scene.
Known for his innovative and edgy designs, Khoury has a reputation for pushing the boundaries of conventional architecture.
His projects often incorporate industrial elements, creating a raw and unfinished aesthetic.
One of Khoury’s notable works is the acclaimed B018 nightclub.
Located in the Quarantaine district, the underground design embodies his bold approach to architecture.
The club’s retractable roof and bunker-like structure are standout features.
Khoury’s portfolio also includes residential and commercial projects.
His unique style is seen in buildings like Plot #1282 in Sin el-Fil, a mix of concrete and glass that challenges traditional design norms.
Khoury’s work reflects a deep engagement with Beirut’s urban complexities and cultural context.
Youssef Tohme
Youssef Tohme is another leading architect in Beirut, known for his commitment to blending modern design with local heritage.
Tohme focuses on creating spaces that are functional yet aesthetically pleasing. His designs often feature clean lines and a minimalist approach.
One of Tohme’s significant projects is the Issam Fares Institute at the American University of Beirut.
This building, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, showcases Tohme’s collaborative spirit and dedication to enhancing educational spaces. The structure is characterized by its fluid form and integration with the surrounding landscape.
Tohme’s work extends to residential projects as well.
His designs emphasize natural light, open spaces, and sustainable materials.
Through his thoughtful and innovative approach, Tohme continues to contribute to Beirut’s architectural evolution, ensuring that new developments respect the city’s rich cultural heritage.