20 Best Architectural Buildings in Armenia: A Guide to Iconic Structures

Armenia boasts a rich architectural heritage that spans several centuries, reflecting its complex history and cultural diversity.

From ancient temples to modernist buildings, the country’s structures showcase a blend of different styles and influences.

Visitors can find a unique mixture of ancient and contemporary designs, making Armenian architecture an intriguing subject.

What makes Armenian architecture stand out is its historical significance and the innovative use of local materials.

This article aims to explore the 20 best architectural buildings in Armenia, providing insights into their historical context and architectural features.

Whether you’re an architecture enthusiast or a curious traveler, the captivating designs and stories behind these buildings will surely inspire you.

1. Zvartnots Cathedral

Zvartnots Cathedral is a prominent example of medieval Armenian architecture. It was built in the seventh century and is known for its circular exterior structure.

The cathedral featured a multifloor layout supported by interior piers.

The ruins of Zvartnots Cathedral are located on a flat plain within the Ararat Plateau. The site is between the cities of Yerevan and Etchmiadzin, near Zvartnots International Airport.

Zvartnots Cathedral had a profound influence on Armenian ecclesiastical architecture. It is part of the Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots, showcasing the evolution of Armenian central-domed cross-hall churches.

The unique design of Zvartnots continues to be a subject of admiration and study.

2. Garni Temple

The Garni Temple is a standout example of Greco-Roman architecture in Armenia.

Located in the village of Garni, about 30 km east of Yerevan, it is the only standing colonnaded building from that period in Armenia.

Built in the 1st century CE by King Tiridates I, the temple was dedicated to the sun god Mihr.

Remarkably, it survived the destruction of pagan temples after Armenia converted to Christianity in the 4th century CE.

Visitors to the site will find a temple built in the Ionic order, with a portico supported by columns.

The structure is renowned for its unique blend of Roman and local architectural features.

Garni Temple also holds cultural importance, being considered the “easternmost building of the Graeco-Roman world.” It remains one of Armenia’s most significant historical landmarks.

Learn more about this heritage site at Garni Temple.

3. Geghard Monastery

Geghard Monastery is one of Armenia’s most famous landmarks.

Located in the Kotayk province, it is partially carved out of the adjacent mountain, giving it a unique architectural style.

The main chapel of the complex was built in 1215.

The monastery is surrounded by cliffs and is part of the Azat River gorge. It features numerous rock-cut churches and tombs, dating back to the 4th century.

These structures showcase the height of Armenian medieval architecture.

Geghard Monastery is also an important cultural site. It once housed a school, scriptorium, and library.

Many famous historians and scholars, such as Mkhitar Ayrivanetsi and Simeon Ayrivanetsi, lived and worked there in the 13th century.

Recognized for its historical and architectural significance, Geghard Monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This enhances its protection and attracts visitors from around the world.

4. Etchmiadzin Cathedral

Etchmiadzin Cathedral is located in the city of Vagharshapat, also known as Etchmiadzin.

It is often regarded as the oldest cathedral in the world and the mother church of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Built around 301 AD, this cathedral holds significant historical and religious importance.

The cathedral’s architecture features an Armenian central-domed cross-hall type of design.

This has had a profound impact on architectural styles in the region.

Over the centuries, Etchmiadzin Cathedral has undergone several restorations to preserve its original structure.

In 2000, Etchmiadzin Cathedral, along with other nearby sites, was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

This includes St. Gayane and St. Hripsime churches and the archaeological remains of Zvartnots.

To learn more, visit the Etchmiadzin Cathedral Wikipedia page.

5. Saint Hripsime Church

Saint Hripsime Church, located in Vagharshapat, Armenia, stands as one of the oldest and most revered churches in the country.

Built in 618 AD, it is an excellent example of early Christian architecture.

This church was constructed by Catholicos Komitas atop a fourth-century mausoleum. The original mausoleum was built to honor the martyred Saint Hripsime.

The site is renowned for its intricate design and historical significance. It is considered a masterpiece of Armenian Apostolic architecture.

UNESCO recognizes it as a World Heritage Site, further highlighting its importance.

Saint Hripsime Church also holds a deep cultural and religious significance for Armenians.

It serves as a testament to the enduring Christian traditions in the region.

Tourists and pilgrims alike visit to admire its ancient beauty and architectural brilliance. The church remains a symbol of faith and heritage.

6. Khor Virap Monastery

Khor Virap Monastery is located in the Ararat Plain of Armenia, close to the border with Turkey.

It offers one of the best views of Mount Ararat, an iconic symbol for Armenians. The monastery gains its name from “deep dungeon,” reflecting its historical purpose.

Historically, Khor Virap dates back to around 180 BC, originally serving as a castle and royal dungeon.

It’s most famous for imprisoning Gregory the Illuminator, who was confined in a pit for 13 years for his Christian faith. Today, it serves as an important pilgrimage site.

Khor Virap is easily accessible from Yerevan. Visitors can take a bus to Artashat or Pokr Vedi Village and walk to the monastery.

Its rich history and stunning views make it a must-visit destination in Armenia.

Learn more about Khor Virap Monastery.

7. Sevanavank Monastery

Sevanavank Monastery is located on the northwestern shore of Lake Sevan.

The monastery was originally built on an island, but due to the artificial draining of Lake Sevan, it now sits on a peninsula.

Constructed in the late 9th century by Princess Mariam, it stands as a significant example of medieval Armenian architecture.

The site comprises two churches, Surb Arakelots and Surb Astvatsatsin. The structures are notable for their use of local volcanic rock.

From the monastery, visitors can see stunning views of Lake Sevan, making it a popular destination for both tourists and locals.

Ancient cross-stones known as khachkars are also found on the grounds. These elaborate carvings add to its historic charm.

Sevanavank continues to serve as a symbol of Armenia’s rich spiritual and cultural heritage.

For more details, visit Sevanavank Monastery.

8. Gndevank Monastery

Gndevank Monastery is a stunning example of 10th-century Armenian architecture.

The monastery is located in the Vayots Dzor Province, along the Vayk-Jermuk road.

Princess Sophia of Syunik founded Gndevank in 936 AD. The church is a dome-shaped quartz structure.

In 1604, Gndevank was destroyed by the Persian Shah Abbas. It was rebuilt in 1691 by Abbot Petros, who fortified it with high walls.

To learn more, visit Gndevank Monastery.

9. Noravank Monastery

Noravank Monastery is a stunning 13th-century Armenian monastery.

It is located 122 km from Yerevan. Nestled in a narrow gorge made by the Amaghu River, the site is near the town of Yeghegnadzor.

The monastery is famous for its two-storey Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) Church. This church, also known as Burtelashen, features intricate carvings and stunning architecture.

The surrounding area is known for its tall, sheer, brick-red cliffs. These cliffs create a dramatic backdrop that enhances the beauty of the monastery.

Visitors can enjoy breathtaking views and explore the rich history of this architectural gem.

Many consider Noravank one of the most beautiful monasteries in Armenia. It holds significant cultural and historical value, making it a must-visit destination for those interested in Armenian heritage.

For more information, you can visit this detailed guide.

10. Haghartsin Monastery

Haghartsin Monastery is located in the lush, forested mountains near Dilijan in the Tavush Province.

It was built between the 10th and 13th centuries, showcasing Armenia’s medieval architectural style.

The complex consists of three main churches: St. Gregory, St. Stephen, and St. Mary. St. Gregory’s is the oldest, while St. Mary’s is the largest.

Haghartsin also features a refectory, constructed by architect Minas in 1248.

This dining hall is notable for its 12 columns, representing the apostles of Christ. The monastery’s unique location and design make it a must-see in Armenia.

For more information, visit Haghartsin Monastery on Wikipedia.

11. Tatev Monastery

Tatev Monastery is a 9th-century Armenian Apostolic monastery.

It is located on a basalt plateau near the village of Tatev in the Syunik Province. The complex stands on the edge of a deep gorge of the Vorotan River.

The main church was built in 895 by Bishop Hovhannes with the support of the Princes of Syunik. In 930, its interior was adorned with frescoes.

This monastery was once a crucial center for scholarship and spiritual enlightenment during the medieval period.

The surrounding area offers stunning natural views, enhancing the tranquility of the site.

Visitors can also take a cable car to reach the monastery, adding an element of adventure to their trip.

The road to the monastery passes through several provinces, each with unique landmarks and scenic beauty.

For more information, check out this travel guide. More details can also be found on the Wikipedia page.

12. Amberd Fortress

Amberd Fortress stands proudly on the slopes of Mount Aragats, about 2,300 meters above sea level.

Its name translates to “fortress in the clouds,” fitting for its lofty position.

This 10th-century fortress showcases the strategic brilliance of Armenian architects.

Built in the 7th century, Amberd served both military and residential purposes. It overlooks valleys and stands as a testament to medieval Armenian defense strategies.

The fortress is among Armenia’s most powerful historical structures.

The nearby Vahramashen Church, often confused with the fortress itself, adds to the region’s historical significance.

The fortress’s challenging location, perched about 2200 meters above a precipice, enhances its mystique.

For further details, check out the Amberd Fortress description.

13. Saghmosavank Monastery

Saghmosavank Monastery is a 13th-century Armenian monastic complex. It is located in the village of Saghmosavan in the Aragatsotn Province.

This historic site is perched atop a gorge carved by the Kasagh River.

Built in 1215 by Prince Vache Vachutyan, Saghmosavank is known for its cross-domed church architecture. The main church, named Astvatsatsin, has two-story vestries in all its corners.

The site once housed a unique book repository constructed in 1255 under Prince Kurd Vachutyan. This repository is rare in purpose and original in composition.

The architecture and strategic location of Saghmosavank have made it a significant landmark in Armenian history and culture.

More information can be found here.

14. Odzun Church

Odzun Church, located in the village of Odzun in Armenia’s Lori Province, is an outstanding example of Armenian basilica architecture. The church dates back to the 5th-7th centuries and showcases a rich history and unique architectural elements.

The pink felsite stone used in its construction gives it a distinct color. The church features three naves, with the narrow side naves adding to its unique design.

Visitors can admire the arcaded cloisters on the northern and southern sides.

Barrel-vaulted roofs and intricate carvings of Christ, angels, and biblical scenes adorn the façades, telling stories of faith and tradition.

The church is perched atop a plateau, offering breathtaking views of the Debed Canyon. This strategic location not only highlights its spiritual significance but also enhances its historical appeal, making it an important landmark in Armenia.

15. Sanahin Monastery

Sanahin Monastery is an Armenian gem that exemplifies ecclesiastical architecture from the 10th century to the 13th century.

Founded in the 10th century by King Ashot III, its name translates to “this one is older than that one,” highlighting its long history.

The monastery is situated in the Lori Province, near the village of Sanahin, and boasts intricate stone carvings and remarkable architectural elements.

The facilities include a series of churches, chapels, and a bell tower.

Sanahin Monastery, along with Haghpat Monastery, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its historical and cultural significance.

The site is known for its stunning and well-preserved structures, which are fine examples of Armenian religious architecture.

The location is accessible by a road trip from Vanadzor and is approximately 3.5 to 4 hours from Yerevan. If planning a visit, a guided tour might be the most convenient option due to limited public transport options.

16. Haghpat Monastery

Haghpat Monastery is a stunning example of Armenian medieval architecture. Located in the Lori Province of Armenia, it was founded by Queen Khosrovanush around 976.

The monastery sits on a hillside, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding valleys and mountains.

Built between the 10th and 13th centuries, the complex includes several buildings.

One of the most famous structures is the “Amenaprkich” khachkar, or All-Savior cross-stone, which dates back to 1273. This khachkar is renowned for its intricate carvings.

The monastery’s remote location near the town of Alaverdi makes it a peaceful retreat.

It is approximately a three-hour drive from Yerevan and can be reached by road. The close proximity to Sanahin Monastery provides visitors the chance to explore two significant historical sites in one trip.

For more information, visit Haghpat Monastery.

17. Armenian Opera Theater

The Armenian Opera Theater in Yerevan is a cultural gem and architectural masterpiece. Designed by Alexander Tamanian, it stands out for its round shape and elegant design. The building opened on January 20, 1933.

The theater features two main concert halls: the Aram Khachaturian Concert Hall, which seats 1,400, and the Aleksandr Spendarian Opera and Ballet National Theatre. It is a key landmark in the capital.

The structure honors Alexander Spendariyan, with his opera “Almast” being the first performance in the theater.

This monumental building remains a symbol of Armenia’s rich musical and architectural heritage.

For more detailed information, visit Yerevan Opera Theatre – Wikipedia.

18. Tsitsernakaberd Memorial

The Tsitsernakaberd Memorial complex is dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide. Located on a hill, it overlooks the Hrazdan River in Yerevan. This memorial was completed in 1967 and has since become a landmark in Armenia’s architecture.

Designed by Arthur Tarkhanyan, Tsitsernakaberd features a tall, pointed stele and a circular structure with an eternal flame. This design symbolizes the resilience and remembrance of the Armenian people.

The site also includes a museum and a garden of trees planted by visiting dignitaries.

Each tree serves as a living tribute to those who perished. Visitors often leave flowers around the eternal flame, creating a poignant and solemn atmosphere.

For more detailed information, visit the Genocide Museum’s description of Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex.

19. Matenadaran

Matenadaran, officially known as the Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, is a prominent museum and research institute in Yerevan, Armenia. It houses the world’s largest collection of Armenian manuscripts.

The building, designed by Armenia’s Chief Architect Mark Grigorian, features imposing grey basalt walls. It stands on a hill at the end of Mashtots Avenue, dominating the center of Yerevan.

Inside, visitors can explore medieval texts, rare books, and various ancient documents.

The collection includes works on history, philosophy, medicine, and literature, showcasing Armenia’s rich cultural and intellectual history.

The Matenadaran is not just a museum; it is also a research institute.

Scholars from around the world frequently visit to study the valuable manuscripts. The institute plays a key role in preserving and promoting Armenian heritage.

Learn more about Matenadaran at Wikipedia.

20. Cascade Complex

The Cascade Complex in Yerevan, Armenia, is a multi-level architectural marvel. Located in the heart of the city, it was completed in 1980. The architectural team included Jim Torosyan, Aslan Mkhitaryan, and Sargis Gurzadyan.

The structure uses white travertine stone due to its availability in large quantities. This creates a visually striking appearance that dominates the cityscape.

The complex features both outdoor and indoor elements.

Visitors can explore its extensive stairways and terraces, which offer panoramic views of Yerevan.

Inside, a working escalator operates daily from 8:00 to 20:00, providing easy access to the different levels.

The Cascade also houses multiple exhibition galleries, a museum store, and a visitor center.

These facilities are open on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays from 10:00 to 20:00, offering cultural and artistic experiences.

Historical Significance of Armenian Architecture

Armenian architecture holds a profound historical and cultural significance, reflected through the unique blend of ancient civilizations’ influences and its development over centuries.

Influence of Ancient Civilizations

Armenian architecture is deeply influenced by ancient civilizations, particularly the Urartians.

The Erebuni Fortress, established in 782 BC by King Argishti I, embodies this heritage. Located in present-day Yerevan, Erebuni includes temples, palaces, and administrative buildings. This fortress is integral to Armenian identity and showcases early architectural prowess.

The Garni Temple is another example, built in the 1st century AD by King Tiridates I.

Dedicated to the sun god Mihr, it combines Greek and Roman architectural styles. The blend of columnar designs and intricate carvings in the temple exemplifies the synthesis of local and foreign influences that define Armenian architecture.

Development Through the Centuries

The medieval period marks significant advancements in Armenian architecture, especially in church construction.

Many of the renowned monuments, like the monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin, date back to this era.

These structures showcase distinctive features like domed ceilings, stone carvings, and specific masonry techniques using volcanic stone.

Since the 19th century, Armenian architecture has continued to evolve.

The use of pinkish or orangeish volcanic stone became a staple in many constructions.

Monasteries and churches remained central to architectural endeavors, preserving the artistic and cultural narrative of the Armenian people through meticulous design and craftsmanship.

Architectural Styles in Armenia

Armenian architecture brings together ancient traditions with modern innovations. This blend results in a unique architectural identity that spans centuries.

Classical and Medieval Styles

Armenian architecture from the classical and medieval periods is marked by the use of stone, particularly tuff and basalt.

Many buildings, like the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, feature large stone blocks and intricate carvings that reflect religious and cultural significance.

Famous for its churches and monasteries, this era includes iconic structures like Geghard Monastery and Tatev Monastery.

Khachkars (cross-stones) are a notable element, often adorned with elaborate designs.

Surviving earthquakes and time, these buildings highlight the robust construction techniques of the period.

Many of these structures are in historical regions and convey a sense of Armenia’s heritage.

Modern Architectural Movements

Modern architecture in Armenia keeps its historical roots while exploring new materials and designs.

The architecture after the Soviet era includes Soviet-style buildings known for their simplicity and practicality.

Contemporary architects in Armenia now experiment with lighter materials like glass and steel, creating structures that are both resilient and aesthetically pleasing.

Prominent examples include the Cafesjian Center for the Arts.

There is also a shift towards more open and flexible spaces, responding to urban needs and modern living standards.

The country’s earthquake-prone geography significantly influences the choice of materials and structural designs, emphasizing safety and durability alongside innovation.