Belgium is renowned for its stunning architectural diversity, blending centuries-old structures with modern, cutting-edge designs.
From the charming cobblestone streets lined with medieval buildings to the innovative projects spearheaded by contemporary architects, there’s a rich tapestry of architectural marvels to explore.
Why are the architectural structures in Belgium so captivating for enthusiasts and travelers alike? This article delves into 20 of the most iconic buildings, each embodying the unique cultural and historical essence of Belgium.
Visit historic landmarks, marvel at revolutionary designs, and appreciate the architectural beauty that makes Belgium a must-visit destination.
1. Atomium
The Atomium in Brussels is a striking symbol of scientific progress. It was built for the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair, also known as Expo 58.
The design was created by engineer André Waterkeyn and architects André and Jean Polak.
The structure resembles an iron crystal magnified 165 billion times. Nine spheres are connected by tubes, creating a distinctive look.
Visitors can explore different spheres, which house exhibitions and other attractions. The Atomium offers panoramic views of Brussels from its highest sphere.
This iconic landmark continues to fascinate tourists and locals alike. It stands as a testament to human ingenuity and modernist architectural design.
For more information, visit Atomium’s official site.
2. Grand Place, Brussels
Grand Place, also known as Grote Markt in Dutch, is the central square of Brussels. It is renowned for its stunning 17th-century architecture.
This cobbled square is a UNESCO World Heritage site.
The area was initially developed in the 12th century, and its buildings were originally constructed from wood. Most of them were destroyed during a French bombardment in 1695 but were rebuilt with incredible attention to detail.
The square is home to notable structures like the Town Hall, which features a 96-meter-high tower with a sculpture of the archangel Michael.
Grand Place is the geographic and historic heart of Brussels. The impressive architectural ensemble includes opulent guild houses and other historic buildings, attracting both tourists and locals.
It is a perfect example of the splendor of Belgian architecture.
3. Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp
The Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp is a prime example of Gothic architecture. Standing tall at 123 meters, its spire can be seen from various points in the city.
Construction began in 1352, and its intricate design draws countless visitors.
Located near Grote Markt and Groenplaats, the cathedral’s facade is remarkably detailed. One notable feature is the spire made of white stone in the Brabant Gothic style that resembles lace.
Inside, the cathedral houses several works by the famous artist Peter Paul Rubens. Among these are “The Elevation of the Cross” and “The Descent from the Cross”. The interior also features beautiful stained glass windows and impressive altars.
For more on its history and architectural significance, you can visit the Cathedral of Our Lady page on Wikipedia.
4. St. Bavo’s Cathedral, Ghent
St. Bavo’s Cathedral in Ghent is a Gothic-style church known for its impressive architecture. The cathedral stands at 89 meters tall and is the seat of the Diocese of Ghent.
It was built in the 14th and 15th centuries and showcases exquisite Gothic details.
The cathedral is named after Saint Bavo, the patron saint of Ghent. Its interior reflects a rich baroque style, significantly influenced by Antonius Triest, the seventh bishop of the diocese. This well-preserved interior adds to its historical significance.
One of the cathedral’s most famous artworks is the Ghent Altarpiece by Jan and Hubert Van Eyck. Also known as The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb, it is considered an original Renaissance masterpiece.
Visitors can admire this and other important religious artifacts daily, except January 1st, as the cathedral remains open to the public.
5. Royal Greenhouses of Laeken
The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken are a stunning example of 19th-century architecture.
Located in the north of Brussels, these greenhouses were designed by Alphonse Balat and constructed between 1874 and 1895.
This magnificent complex features dome-shaped buildings connected by arched galleries. Covering an area of approximately 2.5 hectares, the greenhouses are built entirely of metal and glass, showcasing an innovative design for their time.
Every spring, the greenhouses open to the public for three weeks, offering visitors a chance to admire the beautiful architecture and diverse plant collections.
This annual event is a highlight for both locals and tourists. The greenhouses also require a significant amount of fuel to maintain their temperature, using around 800,000 liters of fuel oil annually.
6. Horta Museum
The Horta Museum is located in Brussels, Belgium, specifically at 23-25 Rue Américaine in the Saint-Gilles municipality. It was the home and studio of Victor Horta, a renowned architect from the Art Nouveau period.
Built between 1898 and 1901, the museum showcases Horta’s intricate designs.
Visitors can see preserved interiors featuring mosaics, stained glass windows, and murals. These elements create a harmonious and detailed setting.
The museum also displays furniture, utensils, and art objects designed by Horta and his contemporaries.
These exhibits offer insights into his creative process and the Art Nouveau movement. Occasionally, they feature temporary exhibitions that explore Horta’s work further.
For more information and to book tickets, visit their official website.
7. Belfry of Bruges
The Belfry of Bruges is a medieval bell tower located in the heart of Bruges, Belgium. It is one of the city’s most recognizable landmarks.
Standing tall in the Markt square, this structure has a storied past dating back to the 13th century.
It was originally built as part of a fortified market hall. The tower houses a clock and a carillon with 47 bells.
Visitors can climb 366 steps to reach the top. The climb rewards them with panoramic views of the city’s picturesque skyline.
The Belfry also served practical purposes, such as storing a treasury and municipal archives. Its historic significance and stunning architecture make it a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Today, its opening hours vary by season. From April to November, visitors can explore the tower from 9 AM to 8 PM. From November to March, the schedule shifts slightly.
Full details can be found at Belfry Tower of Bruges.
8. Palace of Justice, Brussels
The Palace of Justice in Brussels is an iconic courthouse located in Belgium’s capital.
Designed by architect Joseph Poelaert, the building was completed in 1883, four years after Poelaert’s death. Its construction spanned 20 years.
This monumental building covers 20,000 square meters, making it about three times the size of the Royal Palace. The architectural style is a mix, often described as Assyro-Babylonian.
It stands on a high plateau, offering a commanding view of Brussels. At 344 feet high, it was the largest building constructed in the world during the 19th century.
The courthouse features eight courtyards, 27 large courtrooms, and 245 smaller rooms.
Visitors can access the Palace of Justice year-round, except on public holidays. The dome, however, is only open during the summer months.
This makes it a unique destination for those interested in architecture and history.
9. Castle of the Counts, Ghent
Castle of the Counts, also known as Gravensteen, is a medieval fortress in Ghent, Belgium. Built by Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, its large gates and battlements dominate the historic center.
This castle is one of the few remaining medieval fortresses with a moat and largely intact defense system in Flanders.
Gravensteen is centrally located, making it easily accessible for tourists.
Visitors can explore its layers of walls and rooms, narrow stairways, and real battlements. The castle’s historical charm remains even though it hasn’t been lived in for centuries.
For more details, visit Castle of the Counts.
10. St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral
The St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral is one of Brussels’ most iconic landmarks. Located in the heart of the city, this medieval Roman Catholic cathedral showcases stunning Gothic architecture.
Construction of the cathedral began in the 13th century at the request of Henry I, Duke of Brabant. The building process took nearly 300 years to complete.
The cathedral’s interior and exterior are admired for their architectural purity. There are notable similarities to Paris’ Notre Dame, yet it stands out as a prime example of the Gothic style.
One unique feature of the cathedral is the presence of peregrine falcons, which were discovered in the late 1990s. These birds have since become a part of the cathedral’s charm.
Learn more about this historic site at Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula.
11. Bozar – Centre for Fine Arts
The Bozar, also known as the Centre for Fine Arts, is a notable cultural venue in Brussels.
Designed by the renowned Belgian architect Victor Horta, this building is an architectural masterpiece that has been open to the public since 1928.
Bozar is located in the Royal Quarter of Brussels. It serves as a multi-purpose cultural space that hosts a wide variety of artistic events.
These include music performances, visual arts exhibitions, and more.
The building’s design reflects Horta’s innovative style and attention to detail. It is celebrated for its beautiful architecture and historical significance.
The exterior and interior spaces are both visually impressive, making it a must-visit destination for architecture enthusiasts.
Learn more about Bozar and its history at The Building | Bozar Brussels.
12. Basilica of the Sacred Heart
The Basilica of the Sacred Heart in Brussels is an Art Deco masterpiece. It stands at 89 meters tall and 167 meters long, making it one of the largest churches in the world.
Located in the Koekelberg neighborhood, the basilica offers stunning views of the city.
Its construction started in 1905 and was completed in 1971.
Designed by Albert Van Huffel and Paul Rome, the basilica combines Art Deco and Byzantine Revival styles. The impressive dome is a key highlight.
The basilica is also a Roman Catholic minor basilica and a parish church. It was inspired by the Sacré-Coeur Basilica in Paris and features a magnificent copper cupola.
13. Law Courts of Brussels
The Law Courts of Brussels is a significant landmark in Belgium’s capital. This courthouse, also known as the Palace of Justice, was built between 1866 and 1883.
The architect behind this grand structure was Joseph Poelaert.
The building is renowned for its eclectic architectural style, which mixes various styles. It stands out as an icon of Belgian architecture, towering over the city like a modern-day Acropolis.
Commissioned by King Leopold II, the construction of this massive courthouse involved significant financial investment, around $300 million in today’s terms.
Unfortunately, the structure has faced numerous challenges over the years.
Today, the Law Courts of Brussels require restoration, with scaffolding currently surrounding the building.
Despite its condition, it remains a vital part of Brussels’ judicial system and history, symbolizing the rule of law in Belgium.
14. St. Peter’s Church, Leuven
St. Peter’s Church in Leuven is a stunning example of Brabant Gothic architecture. Construction began in the 15th century and features a cruciform floor plan.
The church sits prominently on the Grote Markt and includes a low bell tower that was never completed.
Visitors can explore its rich history and architecture, which dates back to 1425.
Inside, you’ll find twelve masterpieces with 3D images and animations, offering an interactive experience.
This UNESCO World Heritage Site showcases the talent of architects like Sulpitius van Vorst and Matthijs de Layens.
Learn more about St. Peter’s Church.
15. Antwerp Central Station
Antwerp Central Station, located in Antwerp, Belgium, is often considered one of the most beautiful train stations in the world.
Designed by Belgian architect Louis Delacenserie, the station was built between 1895 and 1905. Its eclectic architectural style features a glass-and-steel vaulted dome that reaches 75 meters high.
The station includes a Beaux-Arts facade with a towering clock tower and intricate details that reflect an era of opulence.
The interior houses grand staircases and marble floors.
Antwerp Central Station serves as a significant hub for both national and international trains, including high-speed rail connections.
The structure’s seamless blend of historic charm and modern functionality makes it a must-see landmark. For more information, visit Antwerp Central Station.
16. Royal Palace of Brussels
The Royal Palace of Brussels is the official palace for the Belgian monarchy. Located in the heart of Brussels, it stands as an important cultural landmark.
Built on Coudenberg hill, the first structure dates back to the 11th and 12th centuries.
The palace features opulent decor and grand architecture. One of the oldest rooms is the Empire Room, known for its intricate relief work.
This room holds historic significance from before the monarchy era.
Since 1965, the palace has been open to the public every summer, showcasing its prestige reception rooms where the Royal Family organizes various activities.
Visitors can appreciate the rich history and architectural grandeur during these months.
Discovering the Royal Palace offers a glimpse into Belgium’s regal past and present. Its combination of historical elements and royal tradition makes it a must-see for anyone visiting Brussels.
17. Fort Breendonk
Fort Breendonk, located near Mechelen, Belgium, was originally built between 1906 and 1913. It was part of the National Redoubt, a defensive ring around Antwerp.
During World War II, Fort Breendonk served as a Nazi prison camp. A variety of atrocities took place here, making it a significant site for understanding wartime history.
Today, the site operates as a museum and memorial, preserving its history as one of the best-preserved testimonials of Nazi brutality.
The fort also offers guided tours in multiple languages, including Dutch, French, German, English, and Spanish.
Visitors can explore the historical exhibits and the structure itself, gaining insight into both its military and wartime significance.
18. Castle of Vêves
The Castle of Vêves, also known as Château de Vêves, is located just outside the village of Celles in Wallonia, Belgium.
It stands on a rocky platform and is considered a prime example of 15th-century military architecture (Wikipedia).
The castle’s origins date back to the time of Pepin of Herstal (670-714).
It is known for its impressive structure, which includes elements like staircases, dining halls, and bedrooms that still reflect medieval styles (GlobeTrove).
Visitors can explore the castle interiors decorated in period style, offering a glimpse into how rooms looked centuries ago.
The castle is easily accessible, with a free parking lot available. It’s a short drive from Namur, Brussels, and Mons (Laure Wanders).
The castle’s picturesque setting in Celles and its fairytale-like appearance have earned it nicknames such as “Sleeping Beauty’s Castle” (Wanderlust Pulse).
19. Town Hall, Leuven
The Town Hall of Leuven is a stunning example of Brabantine Gothic architecture.
This landmark, built between 1439 and 1469, stands pride of place on the city’s Grote Markt.
Its intricate façade features 236 statues added in the 19th century. The statues depict local figures from Leuven’s history, adding a layer of cultural significance.
Three architects took thirty years to complete the hall. Across from it lies the monumental St. Peter’s Church, creating a picturesque scene that attracts many visitors.
The Town Hall is recognized as one of the best-known Gothic town halls worldwide. Its slender frame and detailed carvings make it a must-see attraction in Belgium. Visit the Leuven Town Hall to experience its historical marvel firsthand.
20. Chapelle de Gravenhage
The Chapelle de Gravenhage is a hidden gem in Belgium. This chapel combines Gothic and Romanesque architectural styles, making it unique.
It is located in a quieter part of Brussels, offering visitors a serene atmosphere. The chapel’s detailed facade and historical significance attract both locals and tourists.
Inside, one can admire the intricate stained glass windows and well-preserved artwork. This creates an impressive visual experience for its visitors.
Architectural Styles in Belgium
Belgium’s architectural styles reflect its rich history and diverse cultural influences.
From the intricate Gothic cathedrals to the detailed Renaissance buildings, and the innovative Art Nouveau movement, each style represents a unique period in Belgium’s past.
Gothic Architecture
Gothic architecture in Belgium flourished during the 13th to 15th centuries.
Notable for its tall spires, pointed arches, and detailed stone carvings, Gothic buildings often served as churches and civic buildings.
One of the most famous examples is the St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels.
Another stunning example is the Belfry of Bruges, which showcases an impressive tower offering panoramic views of the city.
These structures often feature large stained glass windows, which allow natural light to fill the interiors with vibrant colors.
Gothic architecture in Belgium is a testament to the nation’s medieval prosperity and artistic ambition.
Renaissance Influence
The Renaissance period in Belgium introduced classical elements from ancient Greece and Rome.
Buildings from this time often display symmetrical designs, columns, and elaborate facades.
The Town Hall of Leuven is a prime example, with its intricate details and grandiose presence.
Another notable building is the Guild Houses of the Grand Place in Brussels, which feature facades with Renaissance detailing, stone carvings, and ornate decorations.
These buildings reflect an era of renewed interest in humanism, art, and science. The Renaissance influence marked a shift towards more elegant and refined architectural designs in Belgium.
Art Nouveau Movement
Belgium is famous for its significant contributions to the Art Nouveau movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
This style is characterized by organic forms, flowing lines, and detailed ironwork.
Victor Horta and Paul Hankar were pivotal figures in this movement.
Iconic Art Nouveau buildings include the Hôtel Tassel and Hôtel Solvay in Brussels, designed by Horta.
These buildings often integrate decorative arts seamlessly into their architecture, with stained glass, mosaic tiles, and sculpted wood.
Art Nouveau in Belgium represents a break from classical forms, focusing on innovation and the beauty of natural forms.
Prominent Architects of Belgium
Belgium is home to several notable architects who have made significant contributions to the field. These architects have left an indelible mark on the architectural landscape with their unique styles and innovative designs.
Victor Horta
Victor Horta is known as one of the pioneers of Art Nouveau architecture. Born in 1861, he designed some of the most iconic buildings in Brussels.
Horta’s designs are characterized by their intricate ironwork, organic forms, and natural light.
The Hôtel Tassel and the Hôtel Solvay are prime examples of his work. These buildings feature elegant curves and detailed facades.
Horta’s influence extended beyond Belgium, inspiring Art Nouveau movements across Europe.
Henri Van de Velde
Henri Van de Velde was a versatile architect and designer, born in 1863. His work spans various styles, from Art Nouveau to early Modernism.
Van de Velde’s designs often combine functionality with aesthetic appeal.
He is best known for designing the Bloemenwerf House in Uccle, Brussels, reflecting the principles of Arts and Crafts movement.
Van de Velde also contributed to art education, founding the La Cambre School of Visual Arts. His multifaceted career made a lasting impact on architecture and design.
Juliaan Lampens
Juliaan Lampens was a visionary architect born in 1926, known for his brutalist designs.
His works stand out for their use of raw materials and geometric forms. Lampens’ structures often have a minimalist aesthetic, focusing on simplicity and honesty of materials.
One of his most famous buildings is the Vatican Pavilion at Expo 2000 in Hanover.
Lampens’ work demonstrates a keen understanding of space and materiality, making him a key figure in modern Belgian architecture.