Canada is home to some of the most remarkable architectural buildings in the world. From historical landmarks to modern skyscrapers, these structures showcase the country’s rich architectural diversity and cultural heritage.
Each building tells a unique story, reflecting the creative spirit and innovation of Canadian architects.
Why should you know about the best architectural buildings in Canada? These architectural marvels not only enhance the country’s skyline but also contribute to the cultural and historical identity of Canada. This article will explore the beauty and significance of 20 of these extraordinary buildings.
1. CN Tower, Toronto
The CN Tower is a defining feature of Toronto’s skyline. Standing at 553.3 meters (1,815.3 feet), it was the tallest freestanding structure until 2009.
Construction began in 1973 and was completed in 1976. The tower was initially built by Canadian National Railways and is now managed by Canada Lands Company.
Designed by architect John Andrews, the tower features a unique, tapering structure culminating in a pod, which includes an observation deck and a revolving restaurant.
Visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the city and Lake Ontario. It remains one of Toronto’s most popular attractions for tourists and locals.
2. Habitat 67, Montreal
Habitat 67 is an iconic housing complex in Montreal, Quebec. Designed by architect Moshe Safdie, it was originally created for Expo 67, a World’s Fair held in 1967. The building is known for its unique, modular design.
Located at Cité du Havre, Habitat 67 is situated between the St. Lawrence River and the Old Port of Montreal. The structure consists of 354 prefabricated concrete units, stacked in various configurations.
Safdie’s vision was to create affordable urban living with green spaces. The design allows for each unit to have natural light and outdoor terraces. Habitat 67 remains a landmark in architectural innovation and urban planning.
Today, Habitat 67 is recognized as a heritage monument by both the City of Montreal and the Quebec government. Its unique appearance and historical significance continue to draw visitors and architecture enthusiasts from around the world.
3. The Bow, Calgary
The Bow is a 58-story skyscraper in Calgary, Alberta. This crescent-shaped building was completed in 2012. It originally served as the headquarters for energy companies EnCana (now Ovintiv) and Cenovus.
At 236 meters (774 feet) high, The Bow was the tallest building in Calgary until 2016. Its unique curved design is meant to reduce wind resistance.
The Bow is a prominent feature of Calgary’s skyline. You can see it from almost anywhere in the city. This makes it one of the most recognizable buildings in Calgary. For more details, see the Bow’s entry on Wikipedia.
4. Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto
The Royal Ontario Museum, located in downtown Toronto, is one of Canada’s most prominent museums.
Designed by Studio Libeskind, the museum features an extension named the Michael Lee-Chin Crystal. This addition stands out due to its striking five intersecting metal-clad volumes, inspired by natural crystals.
The museum’s origins date back to 1912 and it houses collections in art, world culture, and natural history. Attracting over a million visitors annually, it is the largest museum in Canada.
Recently, Hariri Pontarini Architects revealed new additions, including the Helga and Mike Schmidt Performance Terrace and the Reed plaza, enhancing the museum’s public spaces.
In the past, the architectural firm Darling and Pearson played a key role in designing the museum’s original building. This blend of historical and contemporary architecture makes the Royal Ontario Museum a significant cultural landmark in Toronto.
5. Notre-Dame Basilica, Montreal
Notre-Dame Basilica in Montreal is a stunning example of Gothic Revival architecture. Located in the historic Old Montreal district, it was first opened in 1829.
The exterior is impressive with twin towers, but the interior is what truly sets it apart. Designed by Victor Bourgeau, the interior features intricate wooden carvings and stunning stained glass windows.
Visitors often note the dramatic and beautiful décor that includes deep blue and gold accents. It makes it a popular destination for tourists and locals alike.
For a unique experience, visitors can attend The AURA Experience, an immersive light and sound show. This performance showcases the basilica’s architecture in an engaging way.
To learn more about the basilica, you can visit the official website.
6. Parliament Hill, Ottawa
Parliament Hill in Ottawa is a prominent site in Canada. It spans nine hectares and is the seat of the federal government. The buildings here showcase the Gothic Revival architectural style.
The Parliament Buildings, including the Library of Parliament, were constructed in the 19th century. The library is particularly noted for its stunning design from 1876. Its circular room and ornate details make it a standout.
Parliament Hill also serves as a gathering place for public celebrations and protests. Its open grounds are a rare feature among national parliaments. The site is a National Historic Site of Canada.
Visitors can appreciate both the history and the architectural beauty of the area. For more information, refer to the Canadian Encyclopedia and Wikipedia.
7. Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto
The Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO) is a major art museum in Toronto. Located in the Grange Park neighborhood, it covers 45,000 square meters, making it one of the largest art museums in North America.
The AGO is home to over 90,000 works of art. Its collection includes Canadian, Indigenous, and contemporary art.
In 2008, the AGO underwent a notable architectural expansion by Frank Gehry. Gehry, a world-renowned architect born in Toronto, gave the building a modern and striking look. The redesign features a long, winding glass and wood façade.
The AGO’s architectural style and expansive collection make it a key cultural landmark. To explore more about the Art Gallery of Ontario, visit this site.
8. Montreal Biosphere, Montreal
The Montreal Biosphere is a striking architectural marvel located on Saint Helen’s Island. This geodesic dome, designed by Buckminster Fuller, was originally the United States pavilion for Expo 67, a world fair held in 1967. It has since transformed into a museum dedicated to environmental education and awareness.
Its design showcases Fuller’s innovative approach to sustainable architecture. The structure is composed of a network of steel rods and hexagonal shapes, creating a visually stunning and functional space. The exterior of the dome is transparent, providing visitors with panoramic views of Montreal and the surrounding park.
Inside, the Biosphere offers various exhibits on environmental issues, including climate change and conservation. These interactive displays aim to educate and inspire visitors about sustainable living and the importance of protecting our planet. The Montreal Biosphere remains a symbol of forward-thinking design and environmental stewardship in Canada. Learn more.
9. Ripley’s Aquarium, Toronto
Ripley’s Aquarium in Toronto is an iconic attraction located at the base of the CN Tower. It opened in 2013 and has quickly become a must-visit spot in the city.
The aquarium features over 1.5 million gallons of water that house marine and freshwater habitats from around the world. Visitors can explore various exhibits, including pop-up tanks, crawl-through tunnels, and domes, creating an immersive experience.
Designed by B+H Architects, the aquarium’s building mimics glacial formations with its distinctive faceted exterior. It spans over 10,219 square meters (110,000 square feet) and showcases more than 16,000 animals.
Ripley’s Aquarium is part of a trio of aquariums owned by Ripley Entertainment, adding to its international reputation. It has been popular since its opening day, attracting millions of visitors annually.
10. Vancouver Central Library, Vancouver
The Vancouver Central Library is a stunning architectural marvel located in Vancouver, British Columbia. It stands out not only for its design but also for its significance to the city.
Designed by Moshe Safdie, the library features a unique spiraling structure. This grand urban room draws the public in, serving as a quiet space for study and a vibrant community hub.
Completed in May 1995, it was the largest capital project undertaken by the city at that time, costing approximately $107 million. In 2018, a remarkable rooftop garden was added, enhancing its appeal even further.
The library has received international acclaim, being named one of the world’s most beautiful libraries. Its nine-story structure houses extensive book collections and services, making it a vital and cherished landmark in Vancouver.
Learn more about its architectural significance here.
11. Fairmont Le Château Frontenac, Quebec City
Fairmont Le Château Frontenac is an iconic hotel in Quebec City. This historic building, designed by Bruce Price, stands in Old Quebec’s Upper Town. It’s known for its impressive architecture and scenic location atop Cap Diamant.
The Château Frontenac’s many towers and turrets make it a symbol of the city’s rich past. It was initially built by the Canadian Pacific Railway company and remains a key part of Quebec City’s skyline.
The hotel’s design blends with the city’s historic district. Many visitors consider it one of the most photographed hotels in the world. For more information, visit Château Frontenac’s official site.
12. Prince Edward Viaduct, Toronto
The Prince Edward Viaduct, also known as the Bloor Viaduct, is a significant truss arch bridge in Toronto, Ontario. It connects Bloor Street East and Danforth Avenue. The bridge includes the Rosedale Valley phase, a smaller structure carrying Bloor Street over the Rosedale Valley.
Opened in 1918, the viaduct was named after Prince Edward. It comprises three sections: the Bloor Street Viaduct, the Rosedale Valley Bridge, and the Don Section.
The viaduct carries Bloor Street and a section of the TTC subway over the Don River, the Don Valley Parkway, railroad tracks, and Bayview Avenue. It is an essential transportation link in the city.
For more details, visit the City of Toronto’s page on the viaduct.
13. Eastern Townships, Quebec
The Eastern Townships in Quebec showcase stunning architectural attractions. One notable example is the Saint Benedict Abbey. This abbey features impressive architecture and is home to monks dedicated to meditation and prayer.
Another unique building is the Round Barn. Locally cherished, it operates as a farmers market during the summer.
The Townships Trail stretches 430 km and highlights Victorian homes, covered bridges, and churches. Visitors can admire both the history and beauty of the region through these architectural gems.
14. The Crystal, Toronto
The Crystal in Toronto was designed by Daniel Libeskind and added to the Royal Ontario Museum in 2007. This unique structure serves as an extension to Canada’s largest museum.
Characterized by its sharp, angular design, The Crystal stands out among Toronto’s architectural landmarks. It was inspired by the crystalline forms found in the museum’s mineralogy galleries.
Every year, The Crystal attracts a considerable number of visitors due to its distinctive and modern design. It’s known for blending the old with the new, creating a striking contrast with the original museum building.
For more information, you can visit Daniel Libeskind’s ‘The Crystal’ and learn about its architectural significance in Toronto.
15. Telus Sky, Calgary
Telus Sky is a prominent 60-story skyscraper located in downtown Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Standing at 222.3 meters (729 feet), it was completed in 2019. The building ranks as the third-tallest in Calgary.
Designed by the architectural firm BIG (Bjarke Ingels Group), it features a dynamic blend of office, retail, and residential spaces.
This innovative design promotes a mix of urban living and workspaces, making it a significant architectural landmark. The building’s design adapts to the changing requirements of contemporary life.
Located in Calgary’s downtown core, Telus Sky has garnered international recognition, including a nomination for an international design award.
16. Place Ville Marie, Montreal
Place Ville Marie, or PVM, is a notable landmark in Montreal. Designed by architects Ieoh Ming Pei and Henry N. Cobb, it includes five office towers and a shopping center. The main building, 1 Place Ville Marie, is recognized for its distinct cross-shaped design.
Standing at 188 meters, 1 Place Ville Marie is the tallest cross-shaped tower in Canada. PVM has been an important part of Montreal’s skyline since its construction in 1962. It also connects to Central Station and various underground shopping areas.
PVM serves as a key business and social hub. It underwent significant renovations to maintain its status as a popular destination. The complex is celebrated for its architectural significance and central role in Montreal’s urban life. For more details, visit the Place Ville Marie page.
17. Toronto-Dominion Centre, Toronto
The Toronto-Dominion Centre, located in downtown Toronto, is an iconic office complex. It includes six skyscrapers and a pavilion, covered in bronze-tinted glass and black-painted steel.
Designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the first tower was completed in 1967. It now serves as the headquarters for Toronto-Dominion Bank.
The complex features a large granite-paved pedestrian plaza, making it a significant architectural landmark in the city. Each tower showcases Mies van der Rohe’s minimalist style, emphasizing simplicity and elegance.
People visiting this site can appreciate its design and historical importance in downtown Toronto’s landscape. For more details, visit the Toronto-Dominion Centre.
The buildings and plaza together offer not just workspaces but also retail areas for various businesses, contributing to the vibrant life of the city.
18. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
The National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa is a stunning example of modern architecture designed by Moshe Safdie. Opened in 1988, it features glass and granite materials that create a sleek, contemporary look. The building spans 46,621 square meters.
The Gallery includes 132,700 square feet of galleries for art exhibitions. It has a prominent location on Sussex Drive with views of Parliament Hill and the Ottawa River.
A notable feature is its gently ramping colonnade leading to the Great Hall, a spacious area with a stunning view. The structure also houses offices, conservation labs, and educational facilities.
Noteworthy is the Curatorial Wing, connected via an elevated glass-enclosed walkway. This section is normally inaccessible to the public but crucial for the Gallery’s operations. These elements make the National Gallery a key architectural landmark in Canada.
19. Aga Khan Museum, Toronto
The Aga Khan Museum in Toronto is a stunning example of contemporary Islamic architecture. Completed in 2014, this museum is located at 77 Wynford Drive in the North York district. It was designed by Fumihiko Maki, a Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architect known for his innovative use of light.
The museum houses approximately 1,200 rare objects related to Islamic art. These objects were assembled by Shah Karim al-Husayni and Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan. Visitors can explore a diverse collection that includes ceramics, metalwork, and textiles spanning over a thousand years.
Surrounding the museum are 75,000 square meters of formal gardens designed by Vladimir Djurovic. These gardens are inspired by traditional Persian and Mughal designs. The space between the museum and the nearby Ismaili Centre features a flat, paved plaza constructed from black granite, creating a serene and contemplative environment.
20. Museum of Civilization, Gatineau
The Museum of Civilization in Gatineau is a landmark in Canadian architecture. Designed by renowned architect Douglas Cardinal, it showcases his signature organic style and harmonious curves.
The museum opened in 1989 and covers an impressive area of 93,000 square meters. Visitors can appreciate its blend of modern design with cultural symbolism, representing the land’s historical topography.
Exhibits focus on Canadian history and anthropology. Its striking structure and cultural significance make it a must-visit. Learn more about the Canadian Museum of History.
Architectural Design Principles
Architectural design principles help create spaces that are functional, beautiful, and sustainable. These guidelines shape buildings to meet human needs while respecting the environment and cultural context.
Sustainability
Sustainability focuses on reducing the environmental impact of buildings. Architects use eco-friendly materials like recycled steel and bamboo. Incorporating renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines is also crucial.
Buildings designed with sustainability in mind often include features like green roofs and rainwater harvesting systems. Energy efficiency is another key aspect. Proper insulation and strategic placement of windows can reduce the need for artificial heating and cooling.
Overall, sustainable design aims to minimize the building’s carbon footprint while promoting a healthier living environment.
Innovative Use of Materials
The innovative use of materials can revolutionize architectural design. New materials like engineered timber and high-performance concrete allow for more creative and efficient structures. Glass is also used extensively, not just for windows but as structural elements, providing transparency and promoting natural light.
3D printing technologies enable architects to create complex, custom-designed components that are both lightweight and strong. These materials and methods can reduce construction time and costs while allowing for unique architectural expressions.
Innovation in materials plays a significant role in the evolution of modern architecture.
Cultural Influences
Cultural influences shape architectural designs to reflect the heritage and traditions of a place. Buildings like the Habitat 67 in Montreal showcase how design can integrate with social and cultural contexts.
Architects often draw inspiration from local art, history, and climate. This results in buildings that resonate with the community and respect cultural identities.
In Canada, indigenous cultures often influence architectural designs, incorporating elements like natural materials and circular forms that symbolize harmony with nature.
Influential Canadian Architects
Canada has produced many influential architects who have made significant contributions to both Canadian and global architecture. This section will focus on the works and impact of three notable figures: Arthur Erickson, Moshe Safdie, and Raymond Moriyama.
Arthur Erickson
Arthur Erickson is one of Canada’s most renowned architects. He is best known for his innovative use of concrete and glass, and his ability to blend buildings with their natural surroundings.
One of his most famous works is the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia. The building’s design reflects indigenous structures and includes a vast collection of artifacts.
Erickson’s use of open spaces and natural light is evident in his designs for the Simon Fraser University campus and the Canadian Chancery in Washington, D.C. He has received numerous awards, including the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada’s Gold Medal.
Moshe Safdie
Moshe Safdie gained international recognition with his design for Habitat 67, a housing complex in Montreal built for Expo 67. The project features a series of interlocking concrete units, creating a unique and visually striking structure that offers privacy and community in an urban setting.
Safdie’s other notable works include the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa and Marina Bay Sands in Singapore. His designs are characterized by bold, geometric forms and an emphasis on light and natural materials.
Safdie’s work often addresses social issues, aiming to improve the quality of life through thoughtful design.
Raymond Moriyama
Raymond Moriyama is celebrated for his commitment to human-centric design and environmental sustainability.
One of his most notable projects is the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto. The center’s interactive exhibits and innovative design have made it a popular educational destination.
Moriyama’s work also includes the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, which features a strikingly modern design that pays homage to Canada’s military history.
He has been honored with numerous awards, including the Order of Canada and the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada’s Gold Medal.
Moriyama’s designs often incorporate elements of nature, reflecting his belief in harmonizing architecture with the environment.
Through his thoughtful and innovative work, he has left a lasting impact on Canadian architecture.