20 Best Architectural Buildings in Ghana: Must-See Landmarks for Design Enthusiasts

Ghana’s architectural landscape showcases a blend of traditional design and modern innovation. These buildings reflect the country’s rich history and its forward-looking aspirations.

The structures range from historical landmarks to cutting-edge architectural marvels.

What makes Ghana’s architecture unique is its ability to merge cultural heritage with contemporary styles. This article explores some of the most stunning and significant buildings in Ghana, providing insight into the architectural beauty that the country offers.

From residential skyscrapers to public edifices, the diversity and creativity in Ghanaian architecture are remarkable.

1. Osu Castle

Osu Castle, also known as Fort Christiansborg, is a historic site located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in Osu, Accra.

Built in the 17th century by the Danes, the castle has changed hands multiple times, including between Denmark-Norway, Portugal, and Britain.

The castle served various purposes over the years, including as a government seat after Ghana’s independence. The structure features a mix of architectural influences, reflecting its complex history of ownership.

Visitors can tour the castle on Fridays, with guided tours available.

The area around the castle was initially occupied by the Portuguese in 1550. Later, Swedish control took over in the 1650s through German trader Heinrich Carloff, who established a fortified lodge with permission from the King of Accra.

More details about its history and legacy can be found here.

2. Elmina Castle

Elmina Castle, also known as St. George’s Castle, is located in Elmina, Ghana. It was constructed by the Portuguese in 1482 and is the oldest European building south of the Sahara.

Originally built to protect Portugal’s gold trade, the castle later became central in the transatlantic slave trade. The Portuguese controlled it until 1637, when the Dutch took over.

Elmina Castle’s architecture features thick walls and battlements, showcasing early European masonry techniques. It served as a model for future colonial forts in West Africa.

Today, Elmina Castle is a popular tourist attraction. Visitors can explore its historic dungeons, chapel, and living quarters. The site also serves as a solemn reminder of the history of slavery.

3. Cape Coast Castle

Cape Coast Castle is located in Ghana and stands as a significant historical landmark. Originally established by the Portuguese in 1555, it served as a trading post.

The Swedish traders later constructed a fortress in the 17th century for timber and gold trade. This structure became a vital point for the transatlantic slave trade.

Cape Coast Castle, overlooking the Atlantic Ocean, features whitewashed walls and a forbidding presence. It is the largest building associated with the transatlantic slave trade and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Many tourists visit Cape Coast Castle to learn about its tragic history and influence on the region.

The castle contains dungeons where captured Africans were held before being shipped across the Atlantic.

4. Larabanga Mosque

The Larabanga Mosque is located in the small village of Larabanga, Ghana.

Built in 1421, it is the country’s oldest mosque and one of the oldest in West Africa. The mosque is known as the “Mecca of West Africa” due to its historical significance.

Constructed in the Sudanese architectural style, the Larabanga Mosque features mud-plaster walls and wooden beams. Its design includes pyramidal towers, buttresses, and triangular perforations. This unique style makes it a must-see for lovers of architecture.

The mosque has faced several restoration efforts over the centuries, primarily using packed earth. Conservation challenges include weather damage and the need to maintain traditional building techniques.

The mosque remains an active place of worship and a revered cultural site. Its enduring appeal lies in its historical and architectural importance, drawing tourists and scholars alike.

5. Accra International Conference Centre

The Accra International Conference Centre (AICC) is a significant events venue in Accra, Ghana.

Opened in 1991, it symbolizes Ghana’s dedication to fostering cultural exchange and economic progress.

AICC is centrally located in Accra, attracting various international and local events. It offers ample space and modern facilities, making it a preferred location for conferences and exhibitions.

It is the most popular event space compared to others like the Ghana Trade Fair Center and the National Theatre. Events like government meetings, concerts, and international conferences are frequently held here.

Learn more about the Accra International Conference Centre.

6. Kumasi Fort

Kumasi Fort is a historic structure located in the bustling city of Kumasi.

Built by the British in 1820, the fort initially served as a military stronghold.

It now houses the Armed Forces Museum. Visiting the museum offers a glimpse into Ghana’s military history and the role played by the fort in past conflicts.

The architecture of Kumasi Fort reflects colonial influences. Made from stone, it features traditional British military design elements. The fort has thick walls and watchtowers, providing a window into the fortification styles of the era.

For those interested in history and architecture, Kumasi Fort remains a notable site to explore.

7. W.E.B. Du Bois Centre

The W.E.B. Du Bois Centre, located in Accra, stands as a significant site for cultural and historical reflection.

Established in 1985, it honors Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois, a prominent African-American sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist.

The Centre houses his home, library, and final resting place. It also serves as a research and cultural hub, encouraging visitors to explore his contributions to Pan-Africanism.

Visitors can view personal artifacts and learn about his life and work.

This memorial is an essential stop for anyone interested in African history and the global Black experience.

Through various exhibits and events, it keeps the legacy of Dr. Du Bois alive, fostering a deeper understanding of his impact.

8. Kakum National Park Canopy Walkway

The Kakum National Park Canopy Walkway is a must-see attraction in Ghana.

It is located within the luscious Kakum National Park, which covers around 375 square kilometers.

Visitors are treated to a unique experience as they walk through the treetops. The walkway provides stunning views of the rainforest, making it perfect for nature lovers and adventurers alike.

Designed by both Canadian engineers and Ghanaians, the walkway aims to boost tourism.

It offers an exhilarating mix of stunning scenery and a bit of a thrill, as the bridge tends to sway and wobble.

The experience is both exciting and educational, often leaving visitors with lasting memories. Kakum National Park itself is known for its rich wildlife and modern facilities, making it an ideal destination for travelers.

9. Manhyia Palace

Manhyia Palace, located in Kumasi, serves as the official residence of the Asantehene, the king of the Ashanti people.

It is not just a residence but also a significant symbol of the Ashanti Kingdom’s cultural heritage.

The palace was originally built in 1925 and showcases a blend of traditional Ashanti and European architectural elements. Its design features a wide entrance porch and wooden-floored rooms, giving it a unique character.

Next to the original palace, which is now a museum, stands a newer building constructed by Otumfuor Opoku Ware II.

The museum hosts artifacts and exhibits that illustrate the history and traditions of the Ashanti people.

The expansive courtyard features statues of past Ashanti kings and queens.

This combination of historical significance and architectural beauty makes Manhyia Palace a must-see for visitors to Ghana.

10. Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum

The Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum is a significant landmark located in downtown Accra, the capital of Ghana. It is dedicated to Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of Ghana.

Designed by Don Arthur, the mausoleum stands on the former British colonial polo grounds. The site houses the bodies of Kwame Nkrumah and his wife, Fathia Nkrumah.

This memorial is known for its unique architecture and symbolic elements. A black star at the top represents Nkrumah’s vision for Ghana’s future. The cutting of the tree at its trunk implies an unfinished journey.

The mausoleum attracts approximately 98,000 visitors annually.

People come from around the world to pay homage and learn about Nkrumah’s life and legacy. The park offers a serene environment for reflection and education.

11. National Theatre of Ghana

The National Theatre of Ghana, located in Accra, is a major cultural hub.

Opened in 1992, it features a unique design that resembles a ship.

This architectural icon provides a space for concerts, dance, drama, and musical performances. It also hosts exhibitions and special events, making it a versatile venue.

The Theatre is strategically situated near the junction of Independence Avenue and Liberia Road.

Covering an area of 11,896 square meters, it offers ample space for a variety of cultural activities.

For more information on the National Theatre, visit National Theatre of Ghana.

12. Fort Amsterdam

Fort Amsterdam is located in Abandze, Central Region, Ghana.

Originally constructed by the British between 1638 and 1645, it was initially named Fort Cormantin. In 1665, it was captured by the Dutch West India Company led by Michiel de Ruyter.

The fort was left in ruins for many years. In 1951, the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board restored it. Today, it is open to the public and serves as a historical site.

Entrance fees for visitors vary. Primary to Junior High School pupils pay a small fee of GH¢ 0.50. The fort’s visiting hours are from 9:00 AM to 4:30 PM daily.

13. Jamestown Lighthouse

Jamestown Lighthouse is an important landmark located in the Jamestown neighborhood of Accra, Ghana.

Built in the 1930s, it replaces an older lighthouse from 1871. Standing at 28 meters (92 feet), it offers stunning views of the surrounding area.

The focal height of the lighthouse is 34 meters (112 feet) and serves as a key guide for ships. It features a characteristic light pattern of four white flashes every 25 seconds, visible for up to 16 nautical miles (30 km).

Visitors can explore the lighthouse and enjoy panoramic views of the busy fishing harbor and the city.

The lighthouse is easily accessible from Banarman Street, adding to its historical and cultural significance. For more details, you can visit Tripadvisor’s page.

14. Ussher Fort

Ussher Fort, located in Accra, Ghana, was originally built by the Dutch in 1649. It started as a trading lodge known as Fort Crèvecœur.

The structure was later expanded into a fort by the Dutch West India Company.

Situated in Jamestown, Accra, this historic building played a significant role during the transatlantic slave trade era. Ussher Fort is now a UNESCO World Heritage site.

In 2008, the fort was transformed into a museum showcasing Ghana’s history from pre-colonial times to independence. The fort’s transformation into a museum highlights its historical significance and efforts to preserve its past.

Ussher Fort is an important cultural landmark that provides insight into Ghana’s complex history and architectural heritage. It stands as a testament to the country’s resilient spirit.

15. Independence Arch

Independence Arch in Accra, Ghana, was designed by Ghanaian architect Theodore S. Clerk. Completed in 1961, it commemorates Ghana’s independence from British colonial rule, which was declared on March 6, 1957, by Kwame Nkrumah.

The arch is constructed from concrete and stands tall as a symbol of freedom and national identity. It holds significant historical and cultural value for the Ghanaian people.

Located on the site where Ghana’s independence was declared, the arch serves as a reminder of the country’s journey to self-rule. It is a prominent landmark in Accra and a key attraction for visitors and residents alike.

Independence Arch is often associated with major military and civic parades in the capital. For more information, visit the article on Black Star Square, also known as Independence Square.

16. Christiansborg Castle

Christiansborg Castle, also known as Osu Castle, is located in Osu, Accra. It is perched on a cliff overlooking the Atlantic Ocean.

Built by the Danes in the 17th century, the castle has changed hands multiple times over the centuries.

Originally a trading post, it later became a fort. The site was obtained by the Danish governor, Jost Cramer, in 1661. It was used for trading gold, ivory, and enslaved people.

The castle is a significant historical landmark in Ghana. It features prominently on the Ghana Coat of Arms. The structure has seen ownership by Denmark-Norway, Portugal, the Akwamu, Britain, and finally Ghana. For more details, visit Christiansborg Castle – Osu, Accra, Ghana.

17. James Fort

James Fort, located in Accra, Ghana, was built by the Royal African Company of England in 1673. It served as a trading post for both gold and slaves.

This historic fort stands alongside other European forts like the Dutch Fort Crêvecœur and the Danish Fort Christiansborg.

The fort is situated along the coast, providing strategic access to the sea. Its location highlights its importance during the colonial period. Over time, it also functioned as a prison.

Today, James Fort is part of the older district known as James Town. It remains a significant landmark, reflecting the complex history of trade and colonialism in Ghana. The fort stands near other historical buildings, making it an essential stop for those exploring Ghana’s architectural heritage.

18. Paga Nania Mosque

The Paga Nania Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Ghana. Located in the Paga area, it reflects traditional Sudanese architecture. This style uses materials like mud and wood.

Its design features a unique structure with white-washed walls and protruding wooden supports. These architectural elements not only provide support but also add to its visual beauty.

Visitors to the Paga Nania Mosque can see its well-preserved state. This historical site stands as a testament to the rich cultural and architectural heritage of northern Ghana.

19. Balme Library

Balme Library, located on the main campus of the University of Ghana in Legon, Accra, is the largest and oldest library in Ghana. It was established in 1948 and named after David Mowbray Balme, the first Principal of the University of Ghana.

This neo-classical building serves as a hub of knowledge and academic resources for students, faculty, and researchers. With its vast collection and modern facilities, it plays a crucial role in promoting education and research in the country.

For more information, visit the Balme Library page.

20. Aburi Botanical Gardens Rest House

The Aburi Botanical Gardens Rest House is nestled within the serene environment of the Aburi Botanical Gardens. Located on the Akwapim-Togo Range, this historic rest house offers visitors a peaceful retreat.

Built during the colonial era, the rest house provides scenic views of the gardens’ lush vegetation. The structure reflects the architectural style of the period, blending harmoniously with its natural surroundings.

Visitors to the rest house can enjoy a cool breeze and a quiet atmosphere. Its elevated position offers a respite from the bustling city of Accra, located just an hour’s drive away.

The rest house is surrounded by a variety of flora and is an ideal spot for relaxation and contemplation.

A visit to the Aburi Botanical Gardens Rest House also allows for exploring the broader gardens, established in 1890. With its historical significance and tranquil setting, it’s a highlight for many travelers. More information can be found here.

Architectural Significance of Ghana

Ghana boasts a rich architectural heritage that reflects its historical journey and diverse culture. The country’s architecture is a testament to its past and showcases the unique traditions of various ethnic groups.

Historical Impact

Ghana’s architecture has been shaped significantly by its historical events. During the colonial era, European influences introduced new styles and construction methods.

These influences can be seen in buildings such as forts, castles, and government offices. Structures from the colonial period, like the Elmina Castle and Cape Coast Castle, serve as powerful reminders of Ghana’s history, especially the transatlantic slave trade.

Indigenous architectural styles persisted even during colonial times. Traditional buildings, often made from earth and wood, demonstrate the adaptation of local materials and techniques.

Post-independence, Ghanaian architects trained abroad started incorporating modern designs while respecting traditional aesthetics. This blend of old and new can be observed in landmarks like the Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum.

Cultural Influences

The cultural landscape of Ghana is diverse, and this is mirrored in its architecture. Each ethnic group, from the Akan to the Ewe, has unique construction styles and materials.

For instance, the stilt houses of Nzulezo highlight the innovative use of raffia palm trees by wetland communities, reflecting a deep connection with nature.

Vernacular architecture in different regions—northern, middle, and southern zones—utilizes distinctive materials suitable for local climates.

The northern zone typically features buildings with thatched roofs and mud walls, while the southern regions favor clay and wood. The middle belt often blends both styles.

Modern Ghanaian architecture strives to maintain cultural identity while embracing contemporary methods. The Villaggio Vista in Accra is a notable example, where colorful residential towers merge traditional motifs with modern design.

Modern Architectural Trends

Modern architecture in Ghana showcases innovative designs and a strong focus on sustainability. The blend of traditional styles with modern techniques highlights the country’s unique architectural landscape.

Innovative Designs

In Accra, the architectural scene blends tradition with modernism. The Villaggio Vista is a prime example.

It consists of four buildings, one of which is the tallest residential property in West Africa. Completed in 2011, it features a mix of commercial and residential spaces, with heights ranging from 8 to 30 storeys.

Another standout is the Surf Ghana Collective project, led by architects Glenn DeRoché and Jurgen Strohmayer.

This project transformed a small space into a vibrant community center. The result is a perfect blend of functionality and aesthetics.

Sustainable Architecture

Sustainable practices are gaining traction in Ghanaian architecture.

The historic mosque in Damongo, part of the Northern Region, exemplifies this trend. This mosque uses traditional Sudanese architecture, built with mud and reed, highlighting eco-friendly construction methods.

Accra’s evolution from a colonial port to a modern metropolis reflects a growing emphasis on sustainability.

From colonial-era buildings to modern skyscrapers, the city’s architectural landscape is rich in sustainable designs.

These structures prioritize energy efficiency and environmentally friendly materials, making them both innovative and sustainable.