Malta, a gem in the Mediterranean, is renowned for its rich blend of historical and modern architectural marvels. Each structure tells a unique story of the island’s cultural heritage, influenced by various civilizations over the centuries.
Visitors and architecture enthusiasts alike will find a captivating mix of styles that reflect Malta’s dynamic history and vibrant present.
Exploring Malta’s architecture offers a journey through time, from ancient fortifications to contemporary designs.
Whether you appreciate classic baroque style or cutting-edge modernity, Malta’s architectural landscape showcases the best of both worlds.
This guide will highlight 20 of the most remarkable buildings that you should not miss.
1. St. John’s Co-Cathedral
St. John’s Co-Cathedral is a stunning example of Baroque architecture located in Valletta, Malta.
Built between 1573 and 1578 by the Order of St. John, it was commissioned by Grand Master Jean de la Cassière.
The cathedral’s exterior is simple, but the interior is rich with ornate marble, gilded details, and frescoes.
This co-cathedral is dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. It has significant cultural and historical value, having helped to shape Malta during its early days following the Great Siege.
Visitors are often amazed by its intricate design and artistic treasures.
Art enthusiasts will find Caravaggio’s masterpiece, “The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist,” showcased within the cathedral. This painting is a must-see for anyone visiting.
Learn more about visiting St. John’s Co-Cathedral and its rich heritage.
2. Mnajdra Temples
The Mnajdra Temples, located on the southern coast of Malta, are a stunning example of ancient architecture.
Dating back over 5,000 years, these megalithic structures are crafted from globigerina and coralline limestone.
The temple complex consists of three buildings, each showcasing remarkable early human ingenuity.
During the equinoxes and solstices, sunlight penetrates the main entrance, illuminating the interior—a testament to the builders’ advanced understanding of astronomy.
Mnajdra Temples stand near the Ħaġar Qim complex, likely used by the same community. The proximity and design suggest a shared cultural and religious significance.
This site offers a unique glimpse into prehistoric Malta.
3. Casa Rocca Piccola
Located in Valletta, Casa Rocca Piccola is a 16th-century palace. This historic building is the home of the Maltese de Piro family.
Visitors can tour the palace daily from 10 am till 5 pm, with the last admission at 4 pm.
Casa Rocca Piccola includes beautiful interiors and historic artifacts. It offers a unique glimpse into the life of Maltese nobility.
The palace also features a bed and breakfast with five rooms and a restaurant called La Giara. This makes it a pleasant spot for an extended visit or a special meal.
Explore more about Casa Rocca Piccola at Casa Rocca Piccola – Wikipedia.
4. Auberge de Castille
Auberge de Castille, located in Valletta, Malta, is known for its striking Baroque architecture.
Built in 1574, the building originally served as a residence for the Knights of the Order of St John.
The facade was redesigned in 1741 by master builder Domenico Cachia. This renovation added ornate features that are still admired today.
The building sits at Castile Place, Valletta’s highest point, offering views of Floriana and the Grand Harbour.
Today, Auberge de Castille serves as the office of the Prime Minister of Malta. Its historical and architectural significance make it a must-visit for architecture enthusiasts.
You can learn more about Auberge de Castille here.
5. St. Paul’s Cathedral
St. Paul’s Cathedral, also known as the Mdina Cathedral, is a significant Catholic cathedral in Malta. It was founded in the 12th century and is dedicated to St. Paul the Apostle.
According to tradition, the cathedral stands on the site where the Roman governor Publius met St. Paul after his shipwreck on Malta.
The building has undergone several reconstructions, most notably after an earthquake in the 17th century.
This cathedral is a highlight of the Silent City of Mdina. Visitors can admire its beautiful décor and inlaid tombstones.
The architecture and the historical significance make it a must-visit for anyone traveling to Malta.
Learn more about the history and features of St. Paul’s Cathedral.
6. Fort St. Elmo
Fort St. Elmo is a star fort located in Valletta, Malta. It sits on the Sciberras Peninsula, dividing Marsamxett Harbour from Grand Harbour. This strategic position allowed it to control access to both harbours.
The fort is well known for its role in the Great Siege of Malta in 1565.
Built by the Knights of St. John in the 16th century, it was a crucial defensive structure.
Fort St. Elmo also played a significant part during the Second World War.
It was heavily upgraded under British rule to accommodate new artillery. It endured the first aerial bombardment on the islands on June 11, 1940.
Today, it houses the National War Museum.
The museum showcases Malta’s military history, including its pivotal moments during various sieges.
7. Upper Barrakka Gardens
Located in Valletta, Malta, Upper Barrakka Gardens offer stunning views of the Grand Harbour.
The gardens are situated on the upper tier of the 16th-century Saints Peter and Paul Bastion.
They include historic relics, statues, and a panoramic overlook of the Three Cities.
Originally designed as a private area for the knights of the Italian langue, the gardens became public in 1800.
A more recent addition is the Upper Barrakka Lift, which provides easy access from the city center to the Grand Harbour.
Upper Barrakka Gardens is noted for its tranquility and beautifully maintained green spaces.
8. Grand Harbour
The Grand Harbour stands as one of Malta’s most iconic regions. Known for its deep sea capabilities, it has been a crucial harbor for centuries.
Within its waters are historical forts like the medieval Castrum Maris, first erected in 1274.
The Knights of Malta fortified it in 1530, using it as their base of operations.
The Grand Harbour isn’t just a historical site; it’s a window into Malta’s past.
Visitors can explore the area and enjoy unique architecture and panoramic views of Valletta and the surrounding fortifications.
The recent regeneration work has made the Grand Harbour a blend of old and new, preserving its historic charm while adding modern conveniences.
9. Teatru Manoel
Teatru Manoel, often referred to as “The Manoel,” is Malta’s National Theatre.
Built in 1731, it is one of the oldest working theatres in Europe. The theatre is named after Grand Master Fra António Manoel de Vilhena, who ordered its construction.
The Manoel is a prime example of Baroque architecture. Its ornate interiors and impressive acoustics make it a key cultural venue.
Situated in Valletta, it stands behind a modest façade with recently renovated marble columns.
Tours are available on weekdays and Saturdays, making it accessible to both locals and tourists. Though wheelchair access is limited to the ground floor, the theatre remains an integral part of Malta’s performing arts scene.
The theatre significantly contributes to the island’s cultural life, hosting a wide range of performances throughout the year.
10. Lascaris War Rooms
The Lascaris War Rooms, located 150 feet beneath the Upper Barrakka Gardens and the Saluting Battery in Valletta, are an intriguing site from World War II.
These underground tunnels and chambers were built between 1940 and 1943.
They served as the War Headquarters for the British, playing a crucial role in Malta’s defense during the war.
Today, the Lascaris War Rooms are open to the public as a museum.
Visitors can explore the intricate network of tunnels and learn about the strategic military operations conducted there.
This site offers a unique glimpse into Malta’s wartime history and its significance during the war years.
11. Inquisitor’s Palace
The Inquisitor’s Palace is located in Birgu, Malta. This historic site served as the seat of the Maltese Inquisition from 1574 to 1798.
The building was originally a courthouse known as the Castellania, built in the early 16th century.
Today, it functions as a historic house museum and the national ethnography museum. The structure’s evolution reflects the changing needs of its users over the centuries.
Inside, visitors can explore courtrooms and prison cells, gaining insight into the operations of the Holy Roman Inquisition in Malta.
The palace is also considered an architectural gem, showcasing styles and modifications that have occurred over time.
The Inquisitor’s Palace stands as the only building of its kind that remains open to the public. It provides a unique glimpse into the complex history and architecture that shaped Malta.
12. Rotunda of Mosta
The Rotunda of Mosta, also known as the Mosta Dome, is situated in the heart of Mosta, Malta. It is famous for its grand Neoclassical architecture, designed by Giorgio Grognet de Vassé.
Built between 1833 and the 1860s, it features one of the largest unsupported domes in Europe. The dome’s immense size and structure make it an architectural marvel.
During World War II, the Rotunda of Mosta gained significant notoriety.
On April 9, 1942, it was hit by three munition shells during a Luftwaffe bombing raid. Miraculously, none of the shells exploded, and no lives were lost.
Visitors can explore the church, its museum, and war shelters for a small fee. The church and sacristy are free to enter for worship.
For more details, visit the Rotunda of Mosta website.
13. The Blue Grotto
The Blue Grotto is located on the southern coast of Malta. It’s close to the small fishing village of Wied iz-Zurrieq.
Known for its stunning blue waters, the cave showcases a beautiful color spectrum, ranging from aqua to deep navy.
Visitors can enjoy a boat tour that allows them to see the grotto up close. The boat ride costs around €10 and typically lasts about 20 minutes.
Getting to the Blue Grotto is convenient whether by car, taxi, or bus. For those using public transport, routes like the X1 and 201 are commonly used.
This natural wonder draws visitors from around the world. The cave has been a popular attraction for centuries due to its unique beauty.
Parking facilities are available nearby, making it easy for tourists to access the site. Double-decker buses also pass by the area.
14. Mdina Bastions
Mdina, known as the Silent City, is encircled by impressive bastions that offer panoramic views of Malta. These fortifications date back to medieval times and showcase remarkable preservation.
The Mdina Bastions provide an excellent example of military architecture. They were built to protect the city and stand as a testament to the strategic importance of Mdina.
Walking along the bastions, visitors can admire the blend of Baroque and medieval styles. The towering walls and structures reflect the historical significance and enduring strength of the city.
To learn more about Mdina’s attractions, visit the page on Mdina’s top sights.
15. St. Agatha’s Tower
St. Agatha’s Tower, also known as the Red Tower, is located in Mellieha, Malta. Built between 1647 and 1649, it served as a crucial watchtower for the Knights of Malta.
Its commanding position offers clear views over the islands of Comino and Gozo.
This large bastioned tower is part of the Lascaris towers, which were named after Grand Master Giovanni Paolo Lascaris. The vibrant red color of the tower makes it a striking landmark.
Visitors can explore the tower from Monday to Saturday, but it is recommended to confirm availability in advance. The architecture and location make it a must-see site for anyone visiting Malta. Learn more about the Red Tower here.
16. Domvs Romana
The Domvs Romana is a ruined Roman-era house located on the boundary between Mdina and Rabat, Malta. Built in the 1st century BC, it was an aristocratic townhouse within the Roman city of Melite.
This site is known for its intricate mosaics, which offer a glimpse into the lavish lifestyle of its inhabitants. The mosaics are some of the finest examples of Roman artwork found in Malta.
In the 11th century, a Muslim cemetery was established on the remains of the house, adding another layer of historical significance to the site. Today, Domvs Romana is preserved within a small museum, allowing visitors to explore these ancient ruins.
Learn more by visiting the museum’s official page or Atlas Obscura.
17. Fort Rinella
Fort Rinella, built by the British in 1878, is a Victorian coastal battery in Kalkara, Malta. It was constructed to house the massive Armstrong 100-ton gun, designed to protect the island from naval threats.
The fort’s unique design includes deep trenches and sloping walls. It is one of four such batteries built by the British in Malta and Gibraltar between 1878 and 1886.
The 100-ton gun at Fort Rinella is the largest cannon in the world. It arrived in Malta from Woolwich in 1882 and took months to install due to its size. This gun stands as a testament to the engineering prowess of the Victorian era.
Today, Fort Rinella is restored and open to the public, offering a glimpse into military history. Visitors can explore the fort and see the massive cannon up close.
18. The Three Cities
The Three Cities of Malta comprise Vittoriosa (Birgu), Senglea (Isla), and Cospicua (Bormla). These cities are among the oldest in Malta, reflecting the island’s rich history and architectural wonders.
Vittoriosa boasts iconic landmarks like Fort St. Angelo and exhibits Baroque architecture. It played a significant role during the Great Siege of Malta in 1565.
Senglea, with its Gardjola Gardens, offers stunning views. Its fortified walls and narrow streets make it a favorite for visitors exploring Malta’s medieval past.
Cospicua is known for its double fortifications and historical buildings. Each of the Three Cities presents a unique blend of cultural heritage and architectural beauty, making them essential stops for any architectural tour of Malta.
Learn more by visiting Malta Media or Jonny Melon.
19. Hagar Qim
Hagar Qim is a remarkable structure situated on the island of Malta. This megalithic temple complex dates back to the Ġgantija phase, around 3600 – 3200 BC.
The temple is found atop a promontory with views of the sea. It consists of large stone constructions, believed to be among the oldest religious sites on Earth.
Hagar Qim is part of the UNESCO World Heritage sites. It is noted for its unique architectural style, despite the limited resources available to its builders.
Visitors can also explore Mnajdra, another Neolithic site located just 500 meters downhill from Hagar Qim. These sites are thought to have been used by the same community due to their proximity.
20. Baths of St. Peter
The Baths of St. Peter, located in Malta, are a natural swimming pool formed by rock formations. They offer a unique spot for swimming and sunbathing.
Visitors can dive into the clear blue waters. It’s a popular place for tourists and locals alike.
The Baths are accessible by foot or boat. They provide a wonderful place to relax and enjoy the scenic beauty of Malta.
Swimming and snorkeling are common activities here. The site’s natural beauty and tranquility make it a must-visit.
For more details, check out the travel guide to St Peter’s Pool.
Historical Influence on Maltese Architecture
Malta’s architecture is a rich tapestry shaped by various historic eras. Highlights include ancient megalithic temples known for their enormous stone structures, and the medieval period, marked by the rule of the Knights of St. John.
Neolithic and Megalithic Temples
The earliest examples of Maltese architecture date back to the Neolithic period. The megalithic temples include structures like Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra, built between 3600 and 2500 BC.
These temples are considered among the oldest free-standing stone structures in the world, even older than Stonehenge. The use of massive limestone blocks, some weighing several tons, highlights the advanced construction techniques of that era.
These temples often feature intricately carved stone altars and oracular chambers. Their architectural design includes curved walls and recessed spaces, which some believe followed astronomical alignments. The purpose of these spaces likely ranged from religious practices to community gatherings.
Medieval Period and the Knights
During the medieval period, particularly under the rule of the Knights of St. John, Maltese architecture saw significant development.
The Knights arrived in Malta in 1530 and left an indelible mark, particularly with their military and religious buildings. Their influence can best be seen in the construction of fortifications such as Fort St. Elmo and grand baroque churches like St. John’s Co-Cathedral.
These structures often blend military and religious architectural styles, featuring thick walls, bastions, and ornate facades. The use of local limestone gave these buildings their distinctive glowing appearance.
Renaissance and baroque elements are prominent, showcasing influences from across Europe, adapted to suit the Mediterranean climate and local materials.
Distinctive Features of Maltese Architecture
Maltese architecture is known for its unique characteristics such as the extensive use of limestone, striking Baroque elements, and the traditional wood and glass balconies that adorn many buildings.
Limestone Construction
Limestone is the primary building material in Malta. Quarried locally, it has been used for centuries to construct everything from humble homes to grand cathedrals.
Its easy availability and workability make it ideal for the island’s hot climate. The material has a warm, golden hue that changes under different lighting conditions, adding to the aesthetic appeal.
The Grandmaster’s Palace and various other buildings showcase this use of limestone, reflecting its importance in Maltese architecture.
Baroque Influences
Baroque architecture has significantly shaped Malta’s built environment.
This influence is prominently seen in structures like St. John’s Co-Cathedral, which is a prime example of Baroque design.
Richly decorated interiors, intricate carvings, and elaborate facades mark these buildings. Architects like Glormu Cassar were instrumental in introducing this style to Malta.
The intricate details and grandeur are intended to awe and inspire, reflecting the artistic sensibilities of the time.
Traditional Balconies
Traditional Maltese balconies, known as “gallarijas,” are a distinctive feature of local architecture. These enclosed wooden structures often jut out from the facades of buildings, painted in vibrant colors.
They offer residents outdoor space while maintaining privacy, a crucial feature in densely populated areas. The unique design of these balconies serves both practical and aesthetic purposes, adding a touch of charm to the urban landscape.
These balconies are not just architectural elements; they are integral to the cultural and social fabric of Maltese life.
Impact of Modern Architecture in Malta
Modern architecture in Malta blends seamlessly with the island’s rich historical background while pushing the boundaries of sustainability and design innovation.
Integration with Historical Structures
Malta’s architectural history spans over 7,000 years, showcasing influences from various cultures and epochs.
Modern architecture respects this heritage, often integrating with classical structures rather than overshadowing them. For example, projects like the Architecture Project Valletta have brought new life to the city, merging modern design with historical aspects.
New buildings are designed to complement Malta’s existing skyline, maintaining the aesthetic of ancient fortifications and limestone façades. As a result, the island maintains its historical charm while embracing contemporary design.
Sustainability and Innovation
Sustainability is at the forefront of Malta’s modern architectural projects.
Architects are incorporating green technologies and energy-efficient designs to minimize environmental impact.
For instance, the show-stopping 112m Mercury Tower aims to be both visually striking and environmentally conscious.
Innovation is also key, with many projects embracing cutting-edge design principles and materials.
This approach aims to create buildings that are not only aesthetic marvels but also functional and sustainable.
The fusion of modern technology with traditional Maltese design ensures that new structures meet the demands of today while preserving the island’s cultural integrity.