Vietnam boasts a rich tapestry of architectural marvels, reflecting its history, culture, and rapid modernization.
From ancient temples and pagodas to contemporary skyscrapers, the diversity in design is truly stunning.
What are the must-see architectural buildings in Vietnam?
This article aims to guide readers through twenty of the most remarkable structures, showcasing the country’s architectural expertise and innovation.
1. Bitexco Financial Tower
Bitexco Financial Tower stands at 262.5 meters in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It has 68 floors above ground and three basements.
Completed in 2010, the tower was inspired by the national flower, the lotus. The design symbolizes the vitality and aspiration of the Vietnamese people.
It features a helipad at 191 meters and has been recognized as one of the top 50 most innovative buildings globally.
The tower houses offices, shops, and entertainment venues, making it a vibrant part of the city’s landscape.
It is located at No.2 Hai Trieu Street in District 1.
A major landmark, Bitexco Financial Tower represents the growth and modernization of Ho Chi Minh City. The building’s unique architecture and functional spaces have made it a key icon in Vietnam.
2. Landmark 81
Landmark 81 stands tall in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. At 461.2 meters, it is the tallest building in Vietnam and Southeast Asia.
The skyscraper was completed in 2018 and developed by Vinhomes, a major real-estate developer.
The building has a modern architectural style with a sleek design. It includes a mix of offices, luxury apartments, and a hotel. Visitors can also find dining options and high-end shopping within the building.
Landmark 81 has become an icon of Ho Chi Minh City’s skyline, surpassing the height of the Petronas Towers by 10 meters.
It is located in the upscale Binh Thanh neighborhood. The building has received acclaim for its architecture and even won World’s Best Architecture by International Property Awards in 2017.
For more information, visit Landmark 81 on Wikipedia.
3. Ho Chi Minh City Hall
Ho Chi Minh City Hall, also known as the Ho Chi Minh City People’s Committee Building, is a standout example of French colonial architecture in Vietnam.
Completed in 1908, it features a grand façade adorned with intricate ornamentation.
Located in the heart of the city, the building serves as the headquarters for the city government. At night, it’s beautifully illuminated, making it a popular spot for photography.
Visitors can’t enter the building, but the exterior’s grandeur is more than enough to admire.
The structure’s design reflects a blend of French elegance and local cultural elements, showcasing the city’s historical significance.
For those interested in architecture, the Ho Chi Minh City Hall is a must-see. Its exceptional design and historical importance make it one of the most impressive buildings in the city.
4. Hue Imperial City
Hue Imperial City, located in the heart of Hue, is a significant historical site in Vietnam.
Built by Emperor Gia Long in the early 19th century, this walled palace complex was the political center of the Nguyen Dynasty.
The complex covers over 500 hectares and includes a series of palaces, gates, and courtyards. It is surrounded by a moat and a defensive wall, providing insight into the era’s architectural style.
Enclosed within its grand walls are numerous structures, including temples and gardens. These areas hold many historical artifacts that tell the story of Vietnam’s imperial past.
Visitors can explore the Imperial City of Hue and learn more about its rich history.
The site has remained intact since its original construction, maintaining its unique layout. It serves as a testament to the cultural and architectural heritage of the region.
5. Hanoi Opera House
The Hanoi Opera House stands as a significant French colonial landmark in the heart of Hanoi.
Built between 1901 and 1911, this architectural marvel showcases French neo-classical design with ornate detailing.
Located at No.1 Trang Tien Street, Hoan Kiem District, it is not just an architectural gem but also a cultural hub.
A range of important events have taken place within its walls, emphasizing its role in Vietnam’s history.
Visitors can explore the opera house through guided tours or attend performances that highlight traditional and contemporary art.
Tickets for sightseeing are available, allowing a 70-minute visit for 120,000 VND per person, excluding Fridays.
For those interested in performances, combined tickets can be purchased.
The Hanoi Opera House remains an essential stop for anyone interested in Vietnam’s cultural and architectural heritage. Discover more about this iconic building here.
6. Po Nagar Cham Towers
Po Nagar Cham Towers is a significant architectural site located in Nha Trang, Vietnam. This ancient temple complex was founded before 781 and showcases the unique architecture of the Cham people.
The towers are built over three levels, with the highest level featuring two rows of towers. The most notable structure is the 25-meter-high Po Nagar Kalan Tower.
The complex is dedicated to Yan Po Nagar, known in Vietnamese as Thiên Y Thánh Mẫu. Visitors can explore its mix of Hindu and Mahayana Buddhist influences.
Opening hours are from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m., and the entrance fee is VND 12,000.
7. Hung Kings Temple
Hung Kings Temple is a significant historical and cultural site in Vietnam.
Located in Phu Tho Province, this temple complex honors the Hung Kings, considered the founding fathers of Vietnam. The original temple was built in the 10th century AD, making it an ancient and revered location.
The temple complex includes various altars and structures dedicated to the 18 Hung Kings.
Each year, during the Hung Kings Festival on the 10th of March in the lunar calendar, thousands of pilgrims visit to pay their respects. This festival is one of the most important events in Vietnamese culture.
In Saigon, there is another notable site dedicated to these kings. The Hùng King Temple in the Saigon Botanical Garden was built between 1927-1929.
This temple also commemorates Vietnamese soldiers who died in World War I. The temple is next to the Ho Chi Minh City Museum, adding to its historical significance.
8. Tran Quoc Pagoda
Tran Quoc Pagoda is one of Vietnam’s oldest and most revered pagodas.
Located on a small peninsula on the eastern shore of West Lake (Hồ Tây) in Hanoi, it boasts over 1,500 years of history.
The pagoda was initially named Khai Quoc, meaning “National Founding,” and was built during the reign of Emperor Ly Nam De in the 6th century.
Visitors are drawn to its elegant combination of traditional Vietnamese architecture and peaceful natural surroundings.
The 11-storey stupa known as Bao Thap is a central feature, often photographed by tourists.
The pagoda is a famous spot for both locals and international visitors. It has been recognized as one of the most beautiful pagodas in the world by the Daily Mail newspaper.
During the 1st and 5th days of the lunar months, the pagoda is especially lively with various religious activities.
9. Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum
The Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum is an iconic landmark in Hanoi, Vietnam. This mausoleum serves as the resting place for Ho Chi Minh, the leader of Vietnam’s revolutionary movement.
Located in the center of Ba Dinh Square, it is a significant historical site. Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence here in 1945.
The structure is made of gray granite and stands imposing and solemn.
Admission is free, and it is open in the mornings five days a week. For more information, visit the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum Complex.
10. My Son Sanctuary
My Son Sanctuary is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in central Vietnam.
The site features ancient ruins of Hindu temples built by the Champa Kingdom between the 4th and 13th centuries. It exemplifies the height of Cham architectural achievement.
The sanctuary once had over 70 structures, but only 25 vestiges remain today. These ruins offer insight into the spiritual and cultural life of the Cham people.
Visitors can explore the site daily between 6 am and 5 pm.
The entry fee of 150,000 VND ($7 USD) includes a shuttle bus and a traditional performance.
For a more comfortable visit, consider going early in the morning or in the afternoon.
For history buffs and architecture lovers, My Son Sanctuary provides a unique window into Vietnam’s ancient past. Learn more about its historical significance at My Son Holy Land.
11. Dalat Railway Station
Dalat Railway Station is a standout landmark designed by French architects Paul Moncet and Reveron in 1936.
It showcases a blend of European and Indochine architectural styles. The station was completed in 1938 and has been a key part of Dalat’s history ever since.
This railway station is known for its unique and notable structure.
It features a length of 66 meters, width of 11.5 meters, and height of 11 meters. Its symmetrical design includes a main hall that measures 37 meters by 10 meters.
Dalat Railway Station has been recognized as a national cultural and historical relic since 2001.
It served as a part of the Da Lat-Thap Cham Railway line, which connected Dalat to other regions in Vietnam.
Tourists often visit to admire the Art Deco and highland architectural styles of the building.
The station remains one of the most famous attractions in Dalat. To learn more, visit the guide for tourists.
12. Long Bien Bridge
Long Bien Bridge in Hanoi, Vietnam, is a historic architectural marvel.
The bridge was built in the early 20th century during the French colonial era. It spans the Red River, connecting the districts of Hoà n Kiếm and Long Biên.
The bridge stretches 2,290 meters across the river and features 19 steel beams.
It has a unique design with a single rail track in the center and two lanes for motorbikes and pedestrians on either side.
Walking across the bridge offers stunning views of the Red River and the Hanoi skyline.
It takes about 20-30 minutes to cross on foot. The bridge is located around 1 km from Hoan Kiem Lake, close to the Old Quarter.
13. Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower
Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower, also known as AON Landmark 72, is located on Pham Hung Street in the Nam Từ Liêm District of Hanoi.
The complex includes a 72-story mixed-use tower and two 48-story hotel towers.
Standing at 350 meters, it provides impressive views of the city.
The main tower hosts offices, serviced apartments, and a hotel, making it a hub for both business and leisure.
Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower features a shared podium with shops, a department store, and a cinema.
It was the tallest building in Vietnam until 2018.
Learn more about the Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower.
14. Cao Dai Temple
Cao Dai Temple, also known as Tay Ninh Holy See, is a unique religious site located in Hoa Thanh District, approximately 4km from Tay Ninh City.
It serves as the central temple of Caodaism, which was established in the early 1920s and officially codified in 1926.
The temple’s construction began in 1933 and concluded in 1955.
Its architecture blends elements from various religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, and Hinduism.
This mix makes it visually distinctive and symbolically rich.
The Great Temple, part of the larger Cao Dai Holy See complex, resembles a Christian cathedral with two square towers and a long central nave.
Visitors are often drawn to its bright, colorful designs and serene atmosphere.
For those looking to explore Vietnamese culture and spirituality, a visit to Cao Dai Temple remains an enlightening experience.
Learn more about its history and significance at Cao Dai Temple in Tay Ninh.
15. Thang Long Imperial Citadel
The Thang Long Imperial Citadel in Hanoi is a noteworthy architectural gem with roots tracing back to the 7th century.
Built by the Ly Dynasty in the 11th century, this site has stood the test of time.
Key structures within the citadel include Kinh Thien Palace and Doan Mon Gate.
These buildings showcase the architectural styles of various dynasties, such as the Ly, Tran, Le, and Nguyen.
Visitors can also explore the Hanoi Flag Tower. This tower adds to the diverse architectural landscape of the citadel.
The night tour “Decoding the Imperial Citadel” offers a unique way to experience the site.
16. Tan Dinh Church
Tan Dinh Church, also known as the Pink Church, is a standout landmark in Ho Chi Minh City.
Built in 1876, it is noted for its vibrant pink color, making it one of the most distinctive churches in Vietnam.
The church is the second largest in the city, following the Notre Dame Cathedral.
It is located at 289 Hai Ba Trung Street in District 3.
The Pink Church is open to visitors from 8 am to 11 am and from 2 pm to 4:30 pm, every day except Sunday.
Its architectural beauty and historical significance make it a popular tourist destination.
Tan Dinh Church’s adjacent complex once included a school for deaf and mute children, highlighting its historical role in the community.
These features add to the allure of this iconic architectural gem.
17. Golden Bridge
The Golden Bridge in Da Nang is one of Vietnam’s most iconic structures.
Located in the Ba Na Hills, it sits about 40 kilometers west of the city center.
This pedestrian bridge stretches 150 meters long, providing a scenic overlook and connecting a cable car station with nearby gardens.
A distinct feature of the bridge is its design by TA Landscape Architecture.
Two giant stone hands appear to lift the golden pathway, creating a unique visual experience.
These hands are made of fiberglass and mesh, adding a surreal element to the landscape.
Golden Bridge ranks among the top 10 bridges with the most unique architecture in the world.
It serves not only as a functional passage but also as a major tourist attraction.
Visitors often marvel at the craftsmanship and panoramic views of the surrounding hills.
18. Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon
Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon stands as a prominent landmark in Ho Chi Minh City.
Constructed between 1863 and 1880 during the French colonial period, it showcases a classic French architectural style.
Designed by architect J. Bourard, the cathedral features two bell towers that rise to nearly 57.6 meters.
The exterior is adorned with red bricks imported from Marseilles, adding to its unique charm.
The cathedral’s length is 91 meters, with a width of 35.5 meters. Its roof reaches a height of 21 meters, creating an impressive interior space.
The bell towers house six bronze bells, which contribute to the cathedral’s stunning neo-Romanesque design.
Though the cathedral has been undergoing renovations since August 2017, it remains a significant religious site in Vietnam.
Masses are held every Sunday, with services in both Vietnamese and English. Learn more about Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon here.
19. The Independence Palace
The Independence Palace, also known as the Reunification Convention Hall, is a significant landmark in Ho Chi Minh City.
Designed by architect Ngô Viết Thụ, it served as the home and workplace of the president of the Republic of Vietnam.
Construction of the palace started in 1962 and was completed in 1966.
The building covers 120,000 square meters and includes features inspired by traditional Vietnamese architecture, such as ponds reminiscent of those found in pagodas and palaces.
It was here that the Fall of Saigon occurred on April 30, 1975, marking the end of the Vietnam War.
Today, the Independence Palace serves as a museum and is open to the public, offering insight into Vietnam’s history.
Visitors can explore the various rooms, gardens, and the bunker used during wartime. For more details, visit Independence Palace’s architecture.
20. Saigon Central Post Office
Saigon Central Post Office is one of Ho Chi Minh City’s most iconic landmarks.
Built in the late 19th century during French colonial rule, its design showcases a blend of Gothic, Renaissance, and French architectural styles.
The interior is adorned with beautiful details such as vaulted ceilings and intricate ironwork.
It’s located at 2 Công xã Paris, Bến Nghé Ward, close to the Notre Dame Cathedral and Diamond Plaza.
The post office is still in operation and welcomes visitors daily from 8:00 am to 5:30 pm.
This historic building is not just a functioning post office but also a living museum of the city’s vibrant past.
You can explore its fascinating architecture and learn about its rich history through informational displays.
Architectural Styles in Vietnam
Vietnam boasts a rich tapestry of architectural marvels, influenced by indigenous traditions, French colonial rule, and modern advancements. This blend creates a unique and captivating architectural landscape.
Traditional Vietnamese Architecture
Traditional Vietnamese architecture reflects the culture and lifestyle of the Vietnamese people.
Buildings like communal houses (đình) are constructed with wood and feature elaborate carvings.
Temples and pagodas are often made from local materials such as bamboo and thatch.
The architecture emphasizes harmony with nature, seen in layouts that integrate seamlessly with the landscape.
Structures are built on stilts to protect against flooding, and roofs are steeply pitched for heavy rains. Decorations are simple, often reflecting Buddhist and Confucian values.
French Colonial Architecture
During the French colonial period, many public buildings and churches were constructed using French architectural styles.
Iconic structures such as the Hanoi Opera House and the Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon showcase classic French design elements like arched windows, balconies, and intricate facades.
The French influence is also evident in Vietnamese urban planning, with tree-lined boulevards and grand public squares.
These colonial-era buildings often feature elegant, symmetrical designs and are constructed from materials such as stone and brick, which were not commonly used in traditional Vietnamese architecture.
Modern Architectural Influences
Modern architecture in Vietnam blends international trends with local elements.
Brutalism, characterized by its use of concrete and geometric forms, became popular in the mid-20th century.
A notable example is the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum in Hanoi, known for its imposing, solemn design.
Contemporary architects in Vietnam focus on sustainability and innovation.
Newer buildings often incorporate green spaces and energy-efficient technologies.
Firms like Pham Huu Son Architects, recognized among the 30 Best Architecture Firms in Vietnam, are leading the way with projects that respect both the environment and Vietnamese heritage.
Cultural Significance of Vietnamese Buildings
Vietnamese buildings showcase a blend of indigenous and external influences, highlighting the country’s rich history and cultural development. Religious structures and historical landmarks offer insights into the spiritual and social heritage of Vietnam.
Religious Structures
Religious structures in Vietnam include temples, pagodas, and shrines that are deeply connected to Buddhism, Confucianism, and indigenous beliefs.
Pagodas are often the most intricate, featuring tall, multi-tiered towers and detailed carvings.
For example, Thien Mu Pagoda in Hue stands as a symbol of the country’s Buddhist traditions. These places are not just for worship but also act as community centers.
Temples dedicated to Confucius emphasize moral and ethical teachings.
Temple of Literature in Hanoi, founded in 1070, is a prominent example and also serves as Vietnam’s first university.
Shrines often honor local spirits or ancestors, reflecting the importance of ancestor worship in Vietnamese culture.
Historical Landmarks
Vietnam’s historical landmarks are windows into its complex past.
Imperial structures like the Hue Imperial City represent the height of pre-colonial architecture, featuring grand palaces and ornate gates.
These structures reflect the centralized power and cultural achievements of the Nguyen dynasty.
French colonial buildings like the Saigon Central Post Office highlight the European influence during the colonial period, blending French architectural styles with local aesthetics.
These buildings often stand out for their use of iron and glass, intricate facades, and large, open interiors.
Ancient towns such as Hoi An preserve traditional Vietnamese architecture while incorporating Chinese and Japanese elements.
Wooden houses with steep roofs and intricate balconies are common here, revealing the town’s history as a bustling trade port.
Architectural Innovations in Vietnam
Vietnam has made significant strides in architecture by focusing on sustainability and the integration of cutting-edge technology. This blend of eco-friendly practices and innovative design sets the stage for modern and future-forward architecture in the region.
Sustainable Building Practices
Vietnam’s architecture increasingly embraces sustainability. Many buildings incorporate green roofs and walls to improve air quality and reduce heat.
Solar panels are commonly installed to harness renewable energy, which helps cut electricity costs and minimize carbon footprints.
Bamboo, a local and readily available resource, is frequently used in construction for its strength and sustainability. Bamboo structures not only provide aesthetic appeal but also ensure environmental friendliness.
Water management systems that recycle rainwater for irrigation and other uses are also standard features in new construction projects.
Technological Advancements in Architecture
Vietnamese architects leverage modern technology to streamline the design and construction processes.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is widely used to create detailed 3D models of buildings. This allows for more precise planning and reduced errors during construction.
Smart home technology is another area of rapid growth. Buildings are increasingly equipped with systems that control lighting, temperature, and security, all from a single, integrated platform.
Additionally, advancements in prefabrication techniques enable faster construction times and higher quality control.
These technological innovations not only enhance the functionality and efficiency of buildings but also contribute to their overall aesthetic appeal.