Johannesburg, South Africa, is a city rich in history and culture, reflected in its diverse architectural landscape. From modern skyscrapers to historical landmarks, the city’s buildings tell a story of its growth and evolution over time.
Travelers and architecture enthusiasts alike will find Johannesburg’s architectural offerings to be both impressive and informative. Whether exploring the remnants of its gold-mining past or marveling at cutting-edge designs, the city’s structures offer unique insights into its vibrant character.
1. The Leonardo
The Leonardo is a 55-floor mixed-use skyscraper located in Sandton, Johannesburg. Standing tall at 234 meters, it is the tallest building in Africa to date.
Completed at the end of 2019, it includes luxury apartments, office spaces, and retail stores. The design reflects modern architectural trends and urban sophistication.
Situated at 75 Maude Street, it’s only about 100 meters from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The building is a significant landmark and a symbol of South Africa’s progress in contemporary architecture.
For more details, you can visit The Leonardo Wikipedia page.
2. Saxon Hotel, Villas and Spa
The Saxon Hotel, Villas and Spa is a luxurious retreat located in the exclusive suburb of Sandhurst, Johannesburg. Originally built as a private residence, it offers panoramic views over ten acres of indigenous gardens.
This retreat is known for its elegance and serene atmosphere. It’s also famous for hosting Nelson Mandela after his release from prison, where he edited his autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom.
The Saxon features an award-winning spa and fine dining options. Visitors can explore the surrounding vibrant city of Johannesburg, which is known for its expressive art and eclectic culture. This boutique hotel stands out as one of South Africa’s most exclusive and luxurious destinations, providing a perfect blend of comfort and sophistication.
For more information, visit the Saxon Hotel, Villas and Spa official website.
3. Constitution Hill
Constitution Hill in Johannesburg is home to the Constitutional Court of South Africa. It is located at 11 Kotze Street in Braamfontein, near Hillbrow. The complex includes the Constitutional Court, Old Fort Prison, and museum.
The Old Fort is the oldest building here, and its thick walls were built to prevent escapes and attacks. It played a significant role during the apartheid era.
In 2024, Constitution Hill became a World Heritage Site, now known as Nelson Mandela Legacy Sites. The area is also known for its disturbing yet important historical exhibits.
Visitors can experience interactive tours like the Time Travel Tour, where they briefly become prisoners. These tours must be booked in advance. Constitution Hill is open to the public from 09:00 to 17:00 every day. For more details, visit Constitution Hill.
4. Johannesburg City Library
Johannesburg City Library is a landmark in the heart of Johannesburg. It was built between 1931 and 1935, following an architectural competition won by Cape Town architect John Perry.
The building is an Italianate structure and features a grand, triple-arch, east-facing entrance with metal gates. It sits across the road from the ANC’s Luthuli House.
The library has long served as a center for knowledge and learning. Its architecture reflects the city’s historical and cultural heritage. Visitors can explore its extensive collection of books and archives.
For more information, you can visit the Johannesburg City Library.
5. Johannesburg Art Gallery
The Johannesburg Art Gallery, located in Joubert Park, is a cornerstone of the city’s cultural landscape. It stands as the largest gallery on the African continent.
Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, and completed in 1915, the building’s architecture is a blend of elegance and functionality.
Inside, the gallery hosts an impressive collection of artworks. It features both local and international pieces, offering visitors a rich and diverse visual experience.
Despite its location in the chaotic Central Business District, the gallery remains a must-visit for art enthusiasts. It offers a serene escape amidst the urban hustle.
Learn more about the Johannesburg Art Gallery’s collection here.
6. Nelson Mandela Square
Nelson Mandela Square is situated in Sandton, Johannesburg. This area is known for its vibrant atmosphere and upscale offerings. Visitors will find a 6-meter-tall statue of Nelson Mandela, sculpted by Kobus Hattingh and Jacob Maponyane. The statue stands as a tribute to South Africa’s beloved leader.
The square features a range of shops and restaurants. This makes it a popular spot for both locals and tourists. Its design resembles a traditional European town square with a large open area.
Nelson Mandela Square was formerly known as Sandton Square. In March 2004, it was renamed to honor Nelson Mandela. This location has become an iconic part of Johannesburg’s architectural and cultural landscape. More information can be found about Nelson Mandela Square here.
7. FNB Stadium
FNB Stadium, also known as Soccer City and The Calabash, is located in Nasrec, near Soweto in Johannesburg. The stadium is managed by Stadium Management South Africa (SMSA) and is home to Kaizer Chiefs F.C.
With a seating capacity of over 87,000, it’s one of the largest stadiums in Africa. It has hosted significant events like the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Originally built between 1986 and 1989, the stadium underwent major renovations from 2007 to 2009, enhancing its facilities and increasing its capacity. These upgrades were in preparation for the 2010 World Cup, making it a modern sports venue.
The architectural design of FNB Stadium is inspired by African culture, resembling a calabash, a traditional African pot. This unique design makes it a standout feature on Johannesburg’s skyline.
For more details, you can visit its Wikipedia page.
8. SAB World of Beer
Located in Johannesburg’s Newtown Cultural Precinct, the SAB World of Beer is a major visitor attraction. It opened in 1995 to celebrate the centenary of South African Breweries (SAB).
The venue offers an interactive, multimedia tour that traces the rich history of beer. Visitors can explore beer’s journey from Ancient Egypt to modern times.
A highlight of the tour is the Tap Room, where guests can enjoy a cold pint while overlooking the city. Set in Johannesburg’s vibrant Newtown district, the World of Beer is an engaging way to learn about South Africa’s brewing heritage.
For those interested in both history and beer, the SAB World of Beer provides a unique and educational experience.
More details can be found on the history of the brew at SAB World of Beer.
9. Market Theatre
The Market Theatre, situated in Newtown, Johannesburg, is a notable cultural landmark. Established in 1976, it was formerly the Johannesburg Indian Fruit Market, a historic building from 1913.
Known as the “Theatre of the Struggle,” it played a crucial role during the apartheid era. The theatre fought against racial segregation by operating as an independent, anti-racist venue.
The Market Theatre houses four live theater venues. It showcases diverse productions, contributing significantly to Johannesburg’s cultural scene. This institution has earned international recognition for its impactful performances.
Visitors to the Market Theatre can enjoy some of South Africa’s best theatrical works. Located in a vibrant neighborhood, it continues to be an essential part of the city’s artistic and historical identity. To learn more, visit the Market Theatre.
10. Lindfield Victorian House Museum
The Lindfield Victorian House Museum in Auckland Park, Johannesburg, takes visitors back to the elegance of the Victorian era. Built around 1909-1910, the house showcases meticulously preserved architecture and antiques, reflecting the lifestyle of that time.
Dr. and Mrs. Stanwell were the house’s first owners, and it remained their residence until 1924. The house’s name is linked to a village in England, adding to its historical charm.
Herbert Baker, a noted architect, is believed to have designed the house. Visitors can explore the daily life and fashion trends of the Victorian period, making it a unique experience.
The museum, with tours by appointment only, offers a rare glimpse into Johannesburg’s past. Its well-preserved nature serves as a poignant reminder of the city’s Victorian architectural heritage, now largely lost.
Historical Context
Johannesburg’s architecture has evolved through distinct historical periods, influenced by colonial rule and significant changes after apartheid ended. Each era left its mark on the city’s architectural landscape.
Colonial Influence on Architecture
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Johannesburg was heavily influenced by British colonial rule. Buildings from this period often displayed European styles like Victorian and Edwardian. These structures typically feature ornamental details, steep roofs, and grand facades.
Gold rush settlements transformed into a bustling urban center. Notable examples include the early Art Nouveau buildings which blended European aesthetics with local materials.
Key colonial buildings include the Rand Club, a social club for British elite, and the former Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Their designs showcased wealth and power, reflecting the city’s rapid growth during the gold mining boom.
Post-Apartheid Architectural Evolutions
After apartheid ended in 1994, Johannesburg began to embrace modern and inclusive architectural styles. This era brought a mix of contemporary designs and the rehabilitation of historical structures to represent a unified South Africa.
One iconic site is Constitution Hill, which combines preserved buildings like the Old Fort Prison with new structures including the Constitutional Court. This symbolizes justice and democracy.
Modern high-rises like The Leonardo, Africa’s tallest building, demonstrate advancements in design and technology. Sustainable architecture also grew in popularity, aligning with global trends toward eco-friendly construction.
Architectural Styles in Johannesburg
Johannesburg boasts a rich architectural heritage, reflecting its history and cultural diversity. The city’s buildings showcase influences from different eras, including Art Deco, Modernist, and contemporary designs.
Art Deco
Art Deco architecture is one of the most recognizable styles in Johannesburg. This style, popular in the 1920s and 1930s, is characterized by strong geometric shapes, bold colors, and decorative motifs.
In Johannesburg, many buildings feature these striking elements. The Ansteys Building, completed in 1937, is an excellent example, with its sleek lines and ornate facade. Another important building is the Ellis Park Stadium, which displays classic Art Deco details. These structures contribute to the vibrant and historical landscape of Johannesburg.
Modernist Architecture
Modernist architecture became prominent in Johannesburg during the mid-20th century. This style is marked by simplicity, functional design, and the use of new materials like glass, steel, and concrete.
Many buildings from the 1950s and 1960s demonstrate Modernist principles. The Carlton Centre, once the tallest building in Africa, showcases minimalist design and a steel frame structure. Another notable Modernist building is the Johannesburg Sun Hotel, illustrating the emphasis on function and efficiency. These examples underscore the city’s embrace of modern architectural movements.
Contemporary Design Trends
Contemporary architecture in Johannesburg reflects current design trends and technological advancements. This style often features sustainable materials, innovative design, and an integration with the surrounding environment.
Key buildings include the Saxon Hotel, known for its blend of modern luxury and environmental consciousness.
Another example is the Johannesburg City Hall, renovated with modern techniques while preserving its historic charm.
These buildings illustrate Johannesburg’s forward-thinking approach and commitment to sustainable development.