Brutalist architecture is one of the most distinctive and polarizing styles in the world.
Emerging in the mid-20th century, it is known for its massive, monolithic, and ‘brutal’ appearance, often characterized by raw concrete and geometric shapes.
Brutalism has made a significant impact on urban landscapes, offering unique and functional design solutions in the aftermath of World War II.
Why does Brutalism continue to captivate and inspire architects and enthusiasts alike?
This article will provide a curated list of 20 of the best examples of Brutalist architecture globally, showcasing the beauty and functionality of these striking buildings.
As we explore these masterpieces, you will gain a deeper appreciation for how Brutalism has shaped both modern and historical architecture.
1. Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation
Le Corbusier’s Unité d’Habitation is a landmark in Brutalist architecture.
Located in Marseille, France, this building epitomizes the Brutalist style with its use of raw concrete and bold geometric forms.
Completed in 1952, the structure stands 56 meters high and houses 337 apartments.
The design of the Unité d’Habitation focuses on communal living.
The building includes internal “streets” and shared facilities such as a rooftop garden, a nursery, and a gym.
The pilotis, or supporting columns, elevate the structure, creating open space beneath.
Le Corbusier’s approach brought a new way of thinking about urban living.
He aimed to balance individual and collective needs. His design integrates residential, recreational, and commercial spaces within a single building.
2. Boston City Hall
Boston City Hall stands as a striking example of brutalist architecture.
Designed by Kallmann, McKinnell & Knowles, the building was completed in 1968. It is located at Government Center in Boston, Massachusetts.
The structure is made primarily of concrete, featuring bold geometric shapes.
The design aims to express the functions within the building clearly. This design choice often sparks mixed feelings among locals and visitors.
Boston City Hall has earned the title of the fourth ugliest building in the world.
Despite its controversial aesthetics, it remains a key piece of the city’s architectural history. The surrounding plaza enhances its prominent presence in the area.
In recent years, the building has been appreciated more for its unique design and historical significance.
It continues to be a topic of discussion and study among architecture enthusiasts.
3. The Barbican Estate
The Barbican Estate in London is a prime example of Brutalist architecture.
Designed by the architects Chamberlin, Powell, and Bon, its construction began in the 1950s. It took 11 years to complete and opened to residents in the 1970s.
The estate features a mix of residential blocks, an arts center, and public spaces.
Its design was part of a post-World War II reconstruction effort aimed at addressing a housing crisis in London.
With its distinct use of raw concrete, the Barbican Estate showcases the aesthetic qualities of Brutalism.
The buildings are characterized by heavy, angular shapes, and rough textures.
Today, the Barbican is considered one of London’s most sought-after residential areas.
Its enduring popularity highlights the success of its unique architectural vision.
4. Trellick Tower
Trellick Tower stands at 31 stories and 322 feet tall, making it a prominent example of Brutalist architecture.
Designed by Ernő Goldfinger and completed in 1972, it is located in Kensal Town, London. It was initially created to offer improved social housing solutions.
The tower is admired for its striking and functional design.
Its external features include exposed concrete and functional balconies. This design ethos aimed to address post-World War II housing shortages by building upwards.
Trellick Tower has become an iconic structure in London.
It is considered a masterpiece of Brutalism, a style known for its stark, geometric forms. The tower often draws significant attention for its architectural and historical relevance.
Today, Trellick Tower is a Grade II* listed building.
This status helps preserve its unique design and architectural significance for future generations.
5. Balfron Tower
Balfron Tower stands as an iconic example of Brutalist architecture.
Designed by Ernö Goldfinger, this 26-story residential building is located in Poplar, East London.
Built between 1965 and 1967, it showcases the functional and austere design elements typical of Brutalism.
One of its unique features is the external lift tower connected to the main building by walkways on every third floor.
This design is similar to Goldfinger’s later work, Trellick Tower. The rough, unfinished concrete surfaces and geometric shapes give Balfron Tower its distinct, striking appearance.
Balfron Tower has been featured in various media, reflecting its cultural significance.
It has appeared in films, books, and art exhibitions, highlighting its impact on public imagination.
Its role in these mediums has made it a subject of inspiration and debate among artists and architects alike.
6. National Theatre London
The National Theatre in London, designed by Denys Lasdun, is an iconic example of Brutalist architecture.
The building, completed in 1976, features striking concrete terraces and angular structures, making it a standout on the South Bank.
Despite initial criticism, the theatre gained Grade II heritage listing in 1994.
This recognition highlighted its importance in British architectural history.
The theatre’s design includes three stages: the Olivier, the Lyttelton, and the Dorfman.
These stages are known for their flexible and innovative layouts, allowing for a wide range of productions.
Lasdun’s design aimed to create a democratic space for the public, which is evident in the generously sized public areas and open terraces.
This vision has contributed to its lasting popularity and affection among both locals and visitors.
7. Pirelli Tire Building
The Pirelli Tire Building in New Haven, Connecticut, stands as a significant example of Brutalist architecture.
Designed by Marcel Breuer in 1970, the building is also known as the Armstrong Rubber Building.
Its bold, blocky design makes it a landmark of the Brutalist movement.
For many years, the building sat empty, its future uncertain.
Recently, it has been transformed into a 165-room boutique hotel.
This renovation aims to make it the country’s first net-zero hotel, utilizing eco-friendly technologies to minimize its environmental impact.
Breuer’s original design featured large concrete forms and an open plaza.
The renovation by Becker and Becker retains these iconic elements while updating the building for modern use.
The hotel’s design combines historic preservation with sustainability, showcasing the enduring relevance of Brutalist architecture.
8. Habitat 67
Habitat 67, designed by Moshe Safdie, is an iconic example of Brutalism in Montreal. Built for the 1967 World Expo, it challenged traditional housing ideas.
The design uses modular concrete units stacked in a unique, interlocking pattern. Each unit is a prefabricated box, resulting in a striking geometric form.
This design provides each inhabitant with a private outdoor space and access to green areas. Located along the Saint Lawrence River, Habitat 67 combines the aesthetics of Brutalism with functionality.
It remains a popular architectural landmark and a symbol of innovative urban design. Moshe Safdie’s vision for Habitat 67 was to create affordable, high-density housing without sacrificing aesthetics or quality of life.
More details can be found at Brutalist buildings: Habitat 67, Montreal by Moshe Safdie and Habitat 67, a Brutalist Masterpiece, Reopens.
9. Salk Institute
The Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, is a prime example of Brutalist architecture. Designed by Louis Kahn, it was completed in 1965.
The institute is known for its use of béton brut, or raw concrete, which gives it a rugged, yet sophisticated appearance. Louis Kahn designed the Salk Institute to foster collaboration among scientists.
He created open, airy spaces that encourage interaction. The layout of the buildings enhances natural light, making the complex feel both monumental and inviting.
One notable feature is the central courtyard with a narrow water channel running through it. This space not only adds to the aesthetic but also serves as a tranquil area for contemplation.
Materials like teak wood and concrete create a harmonious blend of natural and industrial elements. The Salk Institute remains a testament to innovative design and practical functionality.
Its enduring appeal lies in its seamless integration of form and purpose. For more details, visit Salk Institute / Louis Kahn.
10. Brutalist Library University of California
The Geisel Library at the University of California, San Diego, is a prime example of Brutalist architecture. Designed by architect William Pereira in 1970, the library stands out with its unique, futuristic design.
The building features a massive concrete structure with a distinctive, almost spaceship-like appearance. Its overhanging floors create dramatic shadows and highlights that emphasize its bold geometric shapes.
The use of raw concrete and glass adds to its modern aesthetic. The library’s design aims to reflect functionality and durability, key principles of the Brutalist movement.
More information can be found on Architectural Digest.
11. Geisel Library
The Geisel Library is an iconic example of Brutalist architecture located on the UC San Diego campus. Designed by American architect William Pereira, it was completed in 1970. The library is named after Dr. Seuss, or more precisely, Dr. Theodor Seuss Geisel, following a significant donation from his estate.
The structure is notable for its unique design, featuring a geometric shape that resembles an open book. Constructed primarily from concrete and glass, the building demonstrates the Brutalist style’s emphasis on raw materials and straightforward form.
At eight stories tall, the Geisel Library stands as a centerpiece on the 180-acre campus. Its striking appearance and functional design make it a popular subject of study and admiration among architecture enthusiasts.
For more details, visit Geisel Library on UC San Diego.
12. Brasilia Cathedral
Brasilia Cathedral, designed by Oscar Niemeyer, is one of the most iconic examples of Brutalist architecture. Located in Brasilia, Brazil, the building was completed in 1970 and stands out with its striking structure resembling reaching hands.
The cathedral features 16 concrete columns, each weighing 90 tons. These columns curve inward and are connected by glass panels, allowing natural light to flood the interior.
Inside, visitors are greeted by a serene atmosphere enhanced by suspended angels. The interplay of light and shadows adds to the cathedral’s unique aesthetic.
The use of concrete and glass in Brazilians Cathedral highlights the Brutalist commitment to raw, unadorned materials. This architectural marvel remains a significant landmark in Brasilia, showcasing the innovative spirit of mid-20th century architecture.
For further information, visitors can explore more about Brasilia’s architectural wonders here.
13. Marina City
Marina City, located north of the Chicago Loop, is a striking example of Brutalist architecture. Designed by architect Bertrand Goldberg, the twin towers were completed in 1964.
Each tower stands 588 feet tall and features a distinct cylindrical shape with “corn cob” balconies. The towers were groundbreaking at the time for their mixed-use design, combining residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.
Marina City became iconic for its innovative use of concrete and practical urban design. The development aimed to attract residents back to downtown Chicago, marking the first major gentrifying project in the United States.
To learn more about Marina City, visit Matador Network.
14. St. Peter’s Seminary
St. Peter’s Seminary is located in Cardross, Scotland. Designed by Gillespie, Kidd & Coia, it was completed in 1966.
The seminary is a prime example of Brutalist architecture, characterized by its raw concrete structures and bold geometric forms. The building was used for its original purpose for only around 20 years before being abandoned.
Despite its state of neglect, the seminary remains highly regarded for its architectural significance. Plans have been underway to restore the seminary.
The Scottish arts charity NVA has been involved in efforts to convert the ruins into a cultural venue. This project aims to breathe new life into the iconic Brutalist structure and preserve its architectural legacy.
Learn more about the restoration efforts of St. Peter’s Seminary here.
15. Boston City Hospital Medical Centers
Boston City Hospital Medical Centers showcase brutalist architecture in a unique and expressive way. The buildings, made primarily of concrete, highlight the rough and rugged style typical of brutalism.
This approach focuses on functionality and raw material aesthetics, making the structures stand out in the city’s architectural landscape. The concrete facades of these medical centers are both imposing and intriguing.
They offer a stark contrast to more traditional architectural styles in Boston. Despite mixed public opinions, the design emphasizes the importance of durability and efficiency in hospital construction.
In addition to being functional, the brutalist design of Boston City Hospital Medical Centers serves as a historical marker. It reflects the architectural trends of the mid-20th century.
The hospital itself remains a significant example of how brutalism has been adapted to meet the needs of complex facilities like medical centers. To learn more, visit ArchDaily.
16. The Breuer Building
The Breuer Building, designed by Marcel Breuer, stands as a quintessential example of Brutalist architecture. Located in New York City, this building is also known as the Whitney Museum of American Art.
Constructed in 1966, it uses béton brut, or raw concrete, which is a hallmark of Brutalism. The structure features cantilevered forms and a striking, asymmetrical façade, enhancing its unique look.
The use of heavy, raw materials aims to reflect the practical nature of the post-war era. The Breuer Building’s design aims for functionality while maintaining an unadorned aesthetic.
For further insights, Architectural Digest offers a detailed overview of Brutalist Masterpieces where The Breuer Building is prominently featured.
17. Prentice Women’s Hospital
Prentice Women’s Hospital in Chicago was designed by Bertrand Goldberg and completed in 1975. This Brutalist building is known for its unique clover-shaped tower, which was made possible by early 3D structural engineering techniques.
The hospital’s design combines rounded vertical bays and oversized curving air intakes. These elements give the building a futuristic, sci-fi appearance.
Its innovative design was aimed at improving patient care and efficiency.
Despite its architectural significance, the original building at 333 E. Superior Street was eventually demolished. This decision was part of a relocation plan for the hospital’s facilities.
The site now stands as a testament to the innovative and sometimes controversial nature of Brutalist architecture.
For more detailed information on the history and design of Prentice Women’s Hospital, you can visit this ArchDaily article and the Dezeen feature.
18. Western City Gate
Western City Gate, also known as the Genex Tower, stands tall in Belgrade, Serbia. Built in 1977, this iconic structure features twin towers connected by a two-story bridge.
A unique revolving restaurant crowns the top, offering panoramic views of the city.
Designed by architect Mihajlo Mitrović, the 35-story building is a striking example of Brutalist architecture. Its rugged, concrete facade and imposing height make it a landmark in Belgrade.
The design intention was to create a “gateway” for those arriving from Western Europe. This symbolic entrance speaks to both the architectural ambition and cultural significance of the building.
One of Western City Gate’s notable features is its functional and industrial aesthetic, which reflects the core principles of Brutalism. This building remains a testament to the bold architectural visions of the 20th century.
19. Sullivan Center
The Sullivan Center is a key example of Brutalist architecture located in Chicago, Illinois.
Constructed in the late 19th century and renovated several times, the building now stands as a blend of historic and modern architectural principles.
Its design features strong geometric shapes and exposed concrete.
Originally designed by Louis Sullivan, the structure showcases an arresting facade with intricate ornamentation. Though known for its Brutalist style, elements of Art Nouveau are also present, creating a captivating fusion.
The interior offers large, open spaces that emphasize functionality over form. The use of natural light and raw materials within the interior spaces enhances its Brutalist appeal.
For more details, you can refer to studies on Sullivan Center on Architectural Digest’s list of the most beautiful Brutalist buildings.
20. MASP
MASP, or the São Paulo Museum of Art, stands as an iconic example of Brutalist architecture in Brazil.
Designed by Lina Bo Bardi and opened in 1968, this building is known for its striking use of concrete and glass.
The main feature of MASP is its massive, rectangular body, which is suspended on red concrete pillars. This design creates an open space beneath the building, famously referred to as “the open span.”
MASP’s transparent glass walls allow natural light to flood the interiors. This design choice creates a sense of openness and connects the spaces with the surrounding cityscape.
The museum’s exhibition areas are flexible, able to accommodate a variety of artworks and installations.
MASP’s unique architectural style makes it a landmark in São Paulo. Its Brutalist design captures the raw, unadorned aesthetic characteristic of the movement, focusing on functionality and structural honesty.
For more information about other Brutalist masterpieces, you can explore this gallery.
Historical Roots of Brutalism
Brutalism, a distinctive architectural style, emerged post-World War II, emphasizing raw materials and utilitarian design. It drew inspiration from several movements and figures that prioritized functionality and social responsibility.
Origins and Influential Figures
Brutalism originated in the mid-20th century, primarily influenced by the works of Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier.
His use of béton brut, or raw concrete, in buildings like the Unité d’Habitation in Marseille set the stage for this new style.
Le Corbusier’s philosophy of creating “machines for living” emphasized practicality and affordability, which resonated in the post-war climate.
Swedish architect Hans Asplund coined the term “brutalism” in the 1950s. The style quickly spread across Europe and North America, characterized by stark, geometric designs.
British architects Alison and Peter Smithson furthered the movement with their unadorned, functional buildings. They aimed to create honest, socially responsible architecture, stripped of unnecessary embellishments.
This emphasis on social value was pivotal during the post-war rebuilding phase.
Architectural Movements Leading to Brutalism
Brutalism’s roots can be traced back to the modernist movement, which emphasized simplicity and functionality.
Modernist architects like Ludwig Mies van der Rohe advocated for minimalist designs with exposed structures, a principle that Brutalism embraced and amplified.
The post-war period demanded affordable, functional housing, influencing the rise of Brutalism, which responded with utilitarian, mass-produced designs.
The International Style, a precursor to Brutalism, also played a significant role. Buildings from this era featured clean lines and open spaces, focusing on structural integrity.
Architects like Walter Gropius and Philip Johnson laid the foundation for Brutalism with their emphasis on form following function.
During the 1950s to 1970s, Brutalism became synonymous with urban redevelopment projects. Its bold, fortress-like structures, made of raw concrete, symbolized the era’s pragmatic yet ambitious spirit.
This style reflected the socio-economic climate, where rebuilding and modernization were paramount.
Key Characteristics of Brutalist Architecture
Brutalist architecture is known for its distinctive features, including the extensive use of raw concrete, bold geometric shapes, and seamless integration with the environment.
Use of Raw Concrete
Brutalist architecture often showcases raw concrete as its primary material. This technique, derived from the French term “béton brut” (raw concrete), emphasizes the natural texture and color of concrete, giving buildings a stark, unfinished look.
The use of raw concrete is significant for several reasons.
Firstly, it provides durability and strength, essential for large public buildings such as universities and government offices.
Secondly, it allows for the creation of intricate shapes and forms that might not be possible with other materials. Buildings like the Le Brasilia in Marseille highlight this material’s versatility.
Due to its practical benefits and aesthetic appeal, raw concrete remains a hallmark of brutalist design. Its use creates a powerful, imposing presence that speaks to the architectural philosophy of honesty and functionality.
Geometric Shapes and Functional Form
Brutalism makes extensive use of geometric shapes and forms. Structures are often characterized by their block-like appearance, with sharp angles and repetitive patterns.
This geometric design is not only visually striking but also highly functional.
The Villa Göth in Sweden is an early example of this emphasis on form.
The building uses clean lines and repetitive geometric elements to create a sense of order and stability.
These features are not merely decorative; they often serve practical purposes like improving the building’s structural integrity or optimizing interior space.
The geometric forms also serve another role. By emphasizing straightforward, functional shapes, brutalist architects aim to strip buildings down to their essentials.
This approach reflects a belief in making architecture accessible and honest.
Integration with Environment
Brutalist buildings often integrate seamlessly with their surroundings, even if they appear imposing or stark.
Architects use the natural landscape and urban settings to enhance their designs, creating structures that complement rather than dominate their environments.
In many cases, brutalist buildings are designed to reflect the political or social context in which they are built.
For example, some designs aim to showcase a sense of strength and stability, reflecting the values of the institutions they house.
The incorporation of natural elements, like large windows to maximize daylight, helps mitigate the harshness of raw concrete and brings balance to the design.
An example can be seen in the Edman and Lennart home, which blends with its environment, using natural materials alongside concrete to create a harmonious relationship with its surroundings.
This thoughtful integration ensures that brutalist buildings, despite their bold forms, maintain a respectful dialogue with their environment.